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Vocabulaire Essentiel pour le TOEFL - Ordre et Loi

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur la loi et l'ordre, tels que "justice", "projet de loi", "clause", etc., qui sont nécessaires pour l'examen TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
justice
justice
[nom]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

justice

justice

Ex: She dedicated her career to fighting for social justice and equality for all. 
constitution

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

constitution

constitution

Ex: The constitution of the United States guarantees certain fundamental rights to its citizens, such as freedom of speech and the right to bear arms. 
bill
bill
[nom]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

projet de loi

projet de loi

Ex: The senator sponsored the bill to address healthcare reform. 
clause
clause
[nom]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

clause

clause

Ex: The contract contains a confidentiality clause that prohibits the disclosure of sensitive information to third parties. 
statute
statute
[nom]

a written law formally enacted by a legislative body

loi

loi

Ex: The court ruled that the statute did not apply to this case. 
act
act
[nom]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

loi, acte

loi, acte

Ex: The parliament passed the health care act to provide better medical services to citizens. 
legislative
legislative
[Adjectif]

relating to the process or power of making and passing laws

législatif

législatif

Ex: The bill must pass through the legislative process before becoming law. 
legislation

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

législation

législation

Ex: Parliament passed legislation to improve access to mental health services. 
attorney

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

avocat, avocate

avocat, avocate

Ex: She consulted an attorney to help with her legal issues regarding the contract. 

Elle a consulté un avocat pour l'aider avec ses problèmes juridiques concernant le contrat.

to pass
to pass
[verbe]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

faire passer, adopter

faire passer, adopter

Ex: Plans to extend the hotel have now been passed. 
declaration

a signed written statement giving information or affirming that something is true, especially for legal or official purposes

déclaration

déclaration

Ex: The witness submitted a written declaration to the court. 
hearing
hearing
[nom]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

audition

audition

Ex: The witness testified during the preliminary hearing to provide crucial information about the case. 
judicial
judicial
[Adjectif]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

judiciaire

judiciaire

Ex: Judicial review is a process by which courts examine the constitutionality of laws and governmental actions. 

Le contrôle judiciaire est un processus par lequel les tribunaux examinent la constitutionnalité des lois et des actions gouvernementales.

legitimate
legitimate
[Adjectif]

allowed, authorized, or recognized by law

légitime

légitime

Ex: Sarah is the legitimate owner of the property. 
plea
plea
[nom]

a formal answer given in court to a criminal charge, stating whether the accused is guilty or not guilty

appel, demande, requête

appel, demande, requête

Ex: She changed her plea from not guilty to guilty. 
to prosecute

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

intenter une action

intenter une action

Ex: She was asked to prosecute the case, bringing the defendant to trial for fraud. 

On lui a demandé de poursuivre l'affaire, amenant le défendeur à être jugé pour fraude.

representation

the state of being represented or the act of representing

représentation, figuration

représentation, figuration

Ex: The report examined the representation of women in advertising. 
authority

a person or group that exercises administrative or controlling power over others

autorités

autorités

Ex: Health authorities issued new guidelines. 
ruling
ruling
[nom]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

décision

décision

Ex: The judge's ruling favored the plaintiff, awarding them damages for the accident. 
to sentence

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

condamner

condamner

Ex: The court will sentence the individual convicted of fraud next week. 
to testify
to testify
[verbe]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

témoigner

témoigner

Ex: The victim will testify against the accused in the upcoming trial. 

La victime témoignera contre l'accusé lors du prochain procès.

testimony

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

témoignage, déposition

témoignage, déposition

Ex: The jury carefully considered the eyewitness testimony during deliberations. 
witness
witness
[nom]

a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

témoin

témoin

Ex: She was called as a witness in the criminal trial. 
evidence

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

preuves

preuves

Ex: Scientific studies have provided strong evidence linking regular exercise to improved cardiovascular health. 
trial
trial
[nom]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

procès

procès

Ex: She was nervous about her upcoming trial and hoped the jury would believe her innocence. 
verdict
verdict
[nom]

the formal decision reached by a jury in a court case

verdict

verdict

Ex: The court is expected to announce the verdict tomorrow. 
bail
bail
[nom]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

caution

caution

Ex: The accused was unable to afford the bail amount and remained in custody until the court date. 
to appeal
to appeal
[verbe]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

faire appel, interjeter appel

faire appel, interjeter appel

Ex: The prosecution appealed the judge's decision to suppress key evidence in the case. 
defendant

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

défendeur, défenderesse, accusé, accusée

défendeur, défenderesse, accusé, accusée

Ex: The courtroom was packed with spectators eager to hear the defendant's testimony. 
draft
draft
[nom]

a preliminary version of a written text, subject to revision before being finalized

brouillon

brouillon

Ex: The editor reviewed the book's rough draft. 
to charge
to charge
[verbe]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

inculper

inculper

Ex: Law enforcement officers may charge individuals with trespassing if they enter restricted areas. 
action
action
[nom]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

procédure, procès

procédure, procès

Ex: The company faced legal action for breach of contract. 
lawsuit
lawsuit
[nom]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

procès, action en justice

procès, action en justice

Ex: The lawsuit alleged breach of contract and sought damages for financial losses. 
to sue
to sue
[verbe]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

poursuivre (en justice), intenter un procès à

poursuivre (en justice), intenter un procès à

Ex: In a personal injury case, the victim may choose to sue the responsible party for compensation. 
proceedings

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

procédure judiciaire, action en justice

procédure judiciaire, action en justice

Ex: She attended the proceedings to testify as a witness in the case. 

Elle a assisté aux procédures pour témoigner en tant que témoin dans l'affaire.

sheriff
sheriff
[nom]

an elected officer of law in a county

shérif

shérif

Ex: She was sworn in as the first female sheriff in the history of the county. 
inspector

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

inspecteur, inspectrice

inspecteur, inspectrice

Ex: Inspector Smith arrived at the crime scene. 
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