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Základní Slovní Zásoba pro TOEFL - Zákon a Pořádek

Zde se naučíte některá anglická slova o zákoně a pořádku, jako je "spravedlnost", "návrh zákona", "klauzule" atd., která jsou potřebná pro zkoušku TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
justice
justice
[Podstatné jméno]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

spravedlnost

spravedlnost

Ex: The victim's family sought justice through the court system. 
constitution
constitution
[Podstatné jméno]

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

ústava

ústava

Ex: The constitution of this country guarantees freedom of speech and the separation of powers among its branches of government. 
bill
bill
[Podstatné jméno]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

návrh zákona, návrh zákona

návrh zákona, návrh zákona

Ex: After several debates, the bill was passed and became law. 
clause
clause
[Podstatné jméno]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

klauzule, článek

klauzule, článek

Ex: The rental agreement includes a clause specifying the responsibilities of both the landlord and the tenant. 
statute
statute
[Podstatné jméno]

a written law formally enacted by a legislative body

zákon

zákon

Ex: The statute took effect at the beginning of the year. 
act
act
[Podstatné jméno]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

zákon, akt

zákon, akt

Ex: The new education act aims to improve the quality of schools nationwide. 
legislative
legislative
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to the process or power of making and passing laws

Ex: The government announced its legislative priorities for the coming year. 
legislation
legislation
[Podstatné jméno]

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

zákonodárství, zákon

zákonodárství, zákon

Ex: The new environmental legislation limits carbon emissions from factories. 
attorney
attorney
[Podstatné jméno]

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

advokát, právní zástupce

advokát, právní zástupce

Ex: The attorney advised her on the best course of action for the lawsuit. 

Právník jí poradil nejlepší postup pro žalobu.

to pass
to pass
[sloveso]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

schválit, přijmout

schválit, přijmout

Ex: The government has passed new legislation to protect consumers. 
declaration
declaration
[Podstatné jméno]

a signed written statement giving information or affirming that something is true, especially for legal or official purposes

prohlášení

prohlášení

Ex: Applicants must provide a declaration confirming that all documents are genuine. 
hearing
hearing
[Podstatné jméno]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

jednání, zasedání

jednání, zasedání

Ex: The judge scheduled a hearing to review the evidence presented by both parties. 
judicial
judicial
[Přídavné jméno]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

soudní

soudní

Ex: Lawyers play a crucial role in presenting arguments and evidence before the judicial authorities. 

Právníci hrají klíčovou roli při předkládání argumentů a důkazů před soudními orgány.

legitimate
legitimate
[Přídavné jméno]

allowed, authorized, or recognized by law

legitimní

legitimní

Ex: Only legitimate authorities may issue this type of permit. 
plea
plea
[Podstatné jméno]

a formal answer given in court to a criminal charge, stating whether the accused is guilty or not guilty

prohlášení

prohlášení

Ex: The court accepted her plea and scheduled sentencing for the following month. 
to prosecute
to prosecute
[sloveso]

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

stíhat, obvinit

stíhat, obvinit

Ex: He hired an expert to help prosecute the case, ensuring every legal angle was covered. 

Najal experta, aby pomohl stíhat případ, a zajistil, aby byl pokryt každý právní úhel.

representation
representation
[Podstatné jméno]

the state of being represented or the act of representing

reprezentace, zobrazení

reprezentace, zobrazení

Ex: His representation of the events differed from that of other witnesses. 
authority
authority
[Podstatné jméno]

a person or group that exercises administrative or controlling power over others

autorita, moc

autorita, moc

Ex: Local authorities regulate public services. 
ruling
ruling
[Podstatné jméno]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

rozhodnutí, rozsudek

rozhodnutí, rozsudek

Ex: The Supreme Court's ruling on the case set a precedent for future privacy rights. 
to sentence
to sentence
[sloveso]

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

odsoudit

odsoudit

Ex: The judge will sentence the convicted criminal to five years in prison. 
to testify
to testify
[sloveso]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

svědčit, vypovídat

svědčit, vypovídat

Ex: The court relies on witnesses who are willing to testify truthfully for a fair trial. 

Soud se spoléhá na svědky, kteří jsou ochotni vypovídat pravdivě pro spravedlivý proces.

testimony
testimony
[Podstatné jméno]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

svědectví, výpověď

svědectví, výpověď

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to challenge the credibility of their testimony. 
witness
witness
[Podstatné jméno]

a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

svědek, vypovídající

svědek, vypovídající

Ex: The witness testified in court about what they saw. 
evidence
evidence
[Podstatné jméno]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

důkaz, svědectví

důkaz, svědectví

Ex: The prosecution presented compelling evidence, including DNA analysis and eyewitness testimony, to support their case. 
trial
trial
[Podstatné jméno]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

soudní proces, přelíčení

soudní proces, přelíčení

Ex: The trial lasted for several weeks as witnesses testified and evidence was presented. 
verdict
verdict
[Podstatné jméno]

the formal decision reached by a jury in a court case

rozsudek,  verdikt

rozsudek, verdikt

Ex: After hours of discussion, the jury reached a unanimous verdict. 
bail
bail
[Podstatné jméno]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

kauce, propuštění na kauci

kauce, propuštění na kauci

Ex: The judge set bail at $10,000 for the defendant. 
to appeal
to appeal
[sloveso]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

odvolat se, podat odvolání

odvolat se, podat odvolání

Ex: The defense attorney filed a motion to appeal the sentencing imposed by the trial court. 
defendant
defendant
[Podstatné jméno]

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

obžalovaný, obviněný

obžalovaný, obviněný

Ex: The defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges of theft and fraud. 
draft
draft
[Podstatné jméno]

a preliminary version of a written text, subject to revision before being finalized

návrh, koncept

návrh, koncept

Ex: She emailed the first draft of her essay. 
to charge
to charge
[sloveso]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

obvinit, obžalovat

obvinit, obžalovat

Ex: The prosecutor decided to charge the suspect with theft based on the evidence. 
action
action
[Podstatné jméno]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

žaloba, proces

žaloba, proces

Ex: The action was filed to resolve the dispute between the two parties. 
lawsuit
lawsuit
[Podstatné jméno]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

žaloba, soudní spor

žaloba, soudní spor

Ex: The lawsuit dragged on for years, causing financial strain on both parties involved. 
to sue
to sue
[sloveso]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

žalovat, podat žalobu

žalovat, podat žalobu

Ex: The dissatisfied customer decided to sue the company for breach of contract. 
proceedings
proceedings
[Podstatné jméno]

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

řízení,  soudní spisy

řízení, soudní spisy

Ex: The proceedings were marked by intense arguments between the opposing counsels. 

Řízení bylo poznamenáno intenzivními argumenty mezi protichůdnými právníky.

sheriff
sheriff
[Podstatné jméno]

an elected officer of law in a county

šerif, zvolený policejní důstojník

šerif, zvolený policejní důstojník

Ex: The sheriff's deputies patrolled the rural county to ensure community safety. 
inspector
inspector
[Podstatné jméno]

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

inspektor, policista

inspektor, policista

Ex: The inspector led the investigation into the robbery. 
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