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Mahalagang Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Batas at Kaayusan

Dito matututunan mo ang ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa batas at kaayusan, tulad ng "katarungan", "panukalang batas", "sugnay", atbp., na kailangan para sa pagsusulit sa TOEFL.

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Simulan ang pag-aaral

Essential Words Needed for TOEFL

[Pangngalan]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

katarungan

katarungan

Ex: They believed that true justice could only be achieved through reforms in the legal system .Naniniwala sila na ang tunay na **hustisya** ay makakamit lamang sa pamamagitan ng mga reporma sa sistemang legal.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

saligang batas

saligang batas

Ex: The constitution of South Africa , adopted in 1996 , enshrines the principles of equality and human dignity as core values of the nation .Ang **konstitusyon** ng South Africa, na pinagtibay noong 1996, ay nagtataguyod ng mga prinsipyo ng pagkakapantay-pantay at dignidad ng tao bilang pangunahing halaga ng bansa.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

panukalang batas, mungkahing batas

panukalang batas, mungkahing batas

Ex: The bill was delayed in the legislative process due to disagreements among committee members .Naantala ang **panukalang batas** sa prosesong lehislatibo dahil sa mga hindi pagkakasundo ng mga miyembro ng komite.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

sugnay, artikulo

sugnay, artikulo

Ex: The constitution contains a freedom of speech clause that protects individuals ' rights to express themselves without censorship from the government .Ang konstitusyon ay naglalaman ng isang **sugnay** ng kalayaan sa pagsasalita na nagpoprotekta sa karapatan ng mga indibidwal na ipahayag ang kanilang sarili nang walang censorship mula sa pamahalaan.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

an officially written and established law

batas, estatuto

batas, estatuto

Ex: Under the statute, the company must provide annual safety training for employees .Sa ilalim ng **batas**, ang kumpanya ay dapat magbigay ng taunang pagsasanay sa kaligtasan para sa mga empleyado.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

batas, akt

batas, akt

Ex: The civil rights act was a significant milestone in the fight for equality and justice .Ang **batas** ng mga karapatang sibil ay isang makabuluhang milyahe sa pakikibaka para sa pagkakapantay-pantay at katarungan.

Isara

[pang-uri]

relating to the making and passing of laws by government bodies

lehislatibo

lehislatibo

Ex: The legislative process typically involves multiple stages , including committee review , floor debate , and final vote .Ang prosesong **lehislatibo** ay karaniwang may maraming yugto, kabilang ang pagsusuri ng komite, debate sa plenaryo, at panghuling botohan.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a law or a set of laws passed by a legislative body, such as a parliament

batas

batas

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

abogado, tagapagtanggol

abogado, tagapagtanggol

Ex: The attorney advised her on the best course of action for the lawsuit .Ang **abogado** ay nagpayo sa kanya tungkol sa pinakamahusay na kursong aksyon para sa kaso.

Isara

[Pandiwa]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

ipasa, aprubahan

ipasa, aprubahan

Ex: The United Nations Security Council has passed a resolution asking the two countries to resume peace negotiations .Ang United Nations Security Council ay **nagpasa** ng isang resolusyon na humihiling sa dalawang bansa na ipagpatuloy ang mga negosasyon sa kapayapaan.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(law) an official written document that people sign to agree on something or accept something as true

deklarasyon

deklarasyon

Ex: The company issued a declaration of compliance with industry standards to assure consumers of their product 's safety .

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

pagdinig, sesyon

pagdinig, sesyon

Ex: The judge called for a competency hearing to determine if the defendant was fit to stand trial .Hiniling ng hukom ang isang **pagdinig** sa kakayahan upang matukoy kung ang nasasakdal ay karapat-dapat na harapin ang paglilitis.

Isara

[pang-uri]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

panghukuman

panghukuman

Ex: Lawyers play a crucial role in presenting arguments and evidence before the judicial authorities .Ang mga abogado ay may mahalagang papel sa pagharap ng mga argumento at ebidensya sa harap ng mga awtoridad na **hudisyal**.

Isara

[pang-uri]

officially allowed or accepted according to the rules or laws that apply to a particular situation

lehitimo, awtorisado

lehitimo, awtorisado

Ex: The agreement was negotiated and signed under legitimate terms and conditions .Ang kasunduan ay napagkasunduan at nilagdaan sa ilalim ng **lehitimong** mga tadhana at kondisyon.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(law) a formal statement made by someone confirming or denying their accusation

pahayag, paninindigan

pahayag, paninindigan

Ex: The defense attorney argued for a reduction in charges based on the plea bargain negotiated with the prosecution.Ang abogado ng depensa ay nagtalo para sa pagbawas ng mga paratang batay sa **plea bargain** na napagkasunduan sa pag-uusap sa prosecution.

Isara

[Pandiwa]

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

usigin, paratangin

usigin, paratangin

Ex: He hired an expert to help prosecute the case , ensuring every legal angle was covered .Kumuha siya ng eksperto para tulungan na **ipaglaban** ang kaso, tinitiyak na sakop ang bawat legal na anggulo.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the state of being represented or the act of representing

representasyon, pagkatawan

representasyon, pagkatawan

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(usually plural) people with decision-making power over a specific area in a country

awtoridad, mga may kapangyarihan

awtoridad, mga may kapangyarihan

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

desisyon, hatol

desisyon, hatol

Ex: The school board 's ruling to implement a new dress code policy sparked controversy among parents and students .Ang **pasiya** ng lupon ng paaralan na ipatupad ang bagong patakaran sa dress code ay nagdulot ng kontrobersya sa mga magulang at estudyante.

Isara

[Pandiwa]

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

hatulan

hatulan

Ex: After the trial , the judge carefully sentenced the convicted murderer .Pagkatapos ng paglilitis, maingat na **hinatulan** ng hukom ang nahatulang mamamatay-tao.

Isara

[Pandiwa]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

sumaksi, magpatotoo

sumaksi, magpatotoo

Ex: The court relies on witnesses who are willing to testify truthfully for a fair trial .Ang hukuman ay umaasa sa mga saksi na handang **magpatotoo** nang tapat para sa isang patas na paglilitis.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

patotoo, pahayag

patotoo, pahayag

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to challenge the credibility of their testimony.Tiniyak ng abogado ng depensa ang saksi upang hamunin ang kredibilidad ng kanilang **pahayag**.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(law) a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

saksi, testigo

saksi, testigo

Isara

[Pangngalan]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

ebidensya, katibayan

ebidensya, katibayan

Ex: Historical documents and artifacts serve as valuable evidence for understanding past civilizations and events .Ang mga dokumentong pangkasaysayan at artifact ay nagsisilbing mahalagang **ebidensya** para maunawaan ang mga nakaraang sibilisasyon at pangyayari.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

paglilitis, pagsubok

paglilitis, pagsubok

Ex: The lawyer prepared extensively for the trial, gathering all necessary documents and witness statements .Ang abogado ay naghanda nang husto para sa **pagsubok**, na tinipon ang lahat ng kinakailangang dokumento at mga pahayag ng saksi.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

an official decision made by the jury in a court after the legal proceedings

hatol, pasya

hatol, pasya

Ex: The media reported on the landmark verdict that set a new precedent in criminal law .Iniulat ng media ang **hatol** na nagtakda ng bagong precedent sa batas kriminal.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

piyansa, kalayaan sa ilalim ng piyansa

piyansa, kalayaan sa ilalim ng piyansa

Ex: The suspect's family rallied together to raise money for his bail bond.Ang pamilya ng suspek ay nagkaisa para makalikom ng pera para sa kanyang **piyansa**.

Isara

[Pandiwa]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

mag-apela, maghain ng apela

mag-apela, maghain ng apela

Ex: The defendant decided to appeal the verdict of the lower court in hopes of receiving a more favorable outcome .Nagpasya ang nasasakdal na **apela** ang hatol ng mas mababang hukuman sa pag-asang makatanggap ng mas kanais-nais na resulta.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

nasasakdal, akusado

nasasakdal, akusado

Ex: The defendant remained composed throughout the trial , maintaining innocence despite the prosecution 's strong arguments .Ang **akusado** ay nanatiling kalmado sa buong paglilitis, pinapanatili ang kanyang kawalang-sala sa kabila ng malakas na argumento ng pag-uusig.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

an unfinished version of something written that might be subject to change before it is finished

draft, borador

draft, borador

Isara

[Pandiwa]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

paratang, isakdal

paratang, isakdal

Ex: Right now , the legal team is charging individuals involved in the corruption scandal .Sa ngayon, ang legal na team ay **nagsasakdal** sa mga indibidwal na sangkot sa iskandalo ng korapsyon.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

aksiyon, prosesong legal

aksiyon, prosesong legal

Ex: The plaintiff initiated legal action to seek damages for the harm done.Ang nagdemanda ay nagsimula ng **aksyong** legal upang humingi ng bayad-pinsala para sa pinsalang ginawa.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

demanda, usapin

demanda, usapin

Ex: The lawsuit dragged on for years , causing financial strain on both parties involved .Ang **demanda** ay tumagal ng maraming taon, na nagdulot ng financial strain sa parehong partido na kasangkot.

Isara

[Pandiwa]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

magdemanda, isakdal

magdemanda, isakdal

Ex: Last year , the author successfully sued the competitor for plagiarism .Noong nakaraang taon, matagumpay na **isinampa ng may-akda ang kaso** laban sa katunggali dahil sa plagiarism.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

proseso, paglilitis

proseso, paglilitis

Ex: The proceedings were marked by intense arguments between the opposing counsels .Ang **mga proseso** ay minarkahan ng matinding mga argumento sa pagitan ng magkasalungat na mga abogado.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

an elected officer of law in a county

sheriff, hinahal na opisyal ng pulisya

sheriff, hinahal na opisyal ng pulisya

Ex: He served as sheriff for over two decades , earning the respect of the local community .Nagsilbi siya bilang **sheriff** sa loob ng mahigit dalawang dekada, at nakamit ang respeto ng lokal na komunidad.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

inspektor, opisyal ng pulisya

inspektor, opisyal ng pulisya

Ex: Inspector Johnson was commended for his diligent work in uncovering corruption within the department.Pinuri ang **inspektor** Johnson para sa kanyang masipag na trabaho sa pagtuklas ng katiwalian sa loob ng departamento.

Isara

Mahalagang Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL

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