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TOEFL のための基本語彙 - 法と秩序

ここでは、TOEFL試験に必要な「正義」、「法案」、「条項」など、法と秩序に関するいくつかの英単語を学びます。

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
justice
[名詞]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

正義

正義

Ex: They believed that true justice could only be achieved through reforms in the legal system .彼らは、真の**正義**は法制度の改革を通じてのみ達成されると信じていました。
constitution
[名詞]

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

憲法

憲法

Ex: The constitution of South Africa , adopted in 1996 , enshrines the principles of equality and human dignity as core values of the nation .1996年に採択された南アフリカの**憲法**は、平等と人間の尊厳の原則を国の核心的価値として定めています。
bill
[名詞]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

法案, 法律提案

法案, 法律提案

Ex: The bill was delayed in the legislative process due to disagreements among committee members .委員会メンバー間の意見の相違により、**法案**は立法プロセスで遅れました。
clause
[名詞]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

条項, 項目

条項, 項目

Ex: The constitution contains a freedom of speech clause that protects individuals ' rights to express themselves without censorship from the government .憲法には、政府による検閲なしに個人が自分を表現する権利を保護する言論の自由の**条項**が含まれています。
statute
[名詞]

an officially written and established law

法令, 規約

法令, 規約

Ex: Under the statute, the company must provide annual safety training for employees .**法令**により、会社は従業員に年間安全訓練を提供しなければなりません。
act
[名詞]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

法律, 法令

法律, 法令

Ex: The civil rights act was a significant milestone in the fight for equality and justice .公民権法は、平等と正義を求める戦いにおける重要な節目でした。
legislative
[形容詞]

relating to the making and passing of laws by government bodies

立法の

立法の

Ex: The legislative process typically involves multiple stages , including committee review , floor debate , and final vote .**立法**プロセスには通常、委員会審査、本会議での議論、最終投票など複数の段階が含まれます。
legislation
[名詞]

a law or a set of laws passed by a legislative body, such as a parliament

立法

立法

attorney
[名詞]

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

弁護士, 法律代理人

弁護士, 法律代理人

Ex: The attorney advised her on the best course of action for the lawsuit .**弁護士**は、訴訟に対する最善の行動方針について彼女に助言した。
to pass
[動詞]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

可決する, 承認する

可決する, 承認する

Ex: The United Nations Security Council has passed a resolution asking the two countries to resume peace negotiations .国連安全保障理事会は、両国に和平交渉を再開するよう求める決議を**可決**しました。
declaration
[名詞]

(law) an official written document that people sign to agree on something or accept something as true

宣言

宣言

Ex: The company issued a declaration of compliance with industry standards to assure consumers of their product 's safety .
hearing
[名詞]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

聴聞, 審理

聴聞, 審理

Ex: The judge called for a competency hearing to determine if the defendant was fit to stand trial .裁判官は、被告が裁判を受ける能力があるかどうかを判断するために、適格性**審問**を要求しました。
judicial
[形容詞]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

司法の

司法の

Ex: Lawyers play a crucial role in presenting arguments and evidence before the judicial authorities .弁護士は、**司法**当局の前で議論と証拠を提示する上で重要な役割を果たします。
legitimate
[形容詞]

officially allowed or accepted according to the rules or laws that apply to a particular situation

正当な, 認可された

正当な, 認可された

Ex: The agreement was negotiated and signed under legitimate terms and conditions .合意は**正当な**条件の下で交渉され、署名されました。
plea
[名詞]

(law) a formal statement made by someone confirming or denying their accusation

陳述, 抗弁

陳述, 抗弁

Ex: The defense attorney argued for a reduction in charges based on the plea bargain negotiated with the prosecution.弁護人は、検察と交渉した**司法取引**に基づいて、罪状の軽減を主張した。
to prosecute
[動詞]

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

起訴する, 告訴する

起訴する, 告訴する

Ex: He hired an expert to help prosecute the case , ensuring every legal angle was covered .彼は事件を**起訴**するのを助けるために専門家を雇い、すべての法的な角度がカバーされるようにしました。

the state of being represented or the act of representing

代表, 表現

代表, 表現

authority
[名詞]

(usually plural) people with decision-making power over a specific area in a country

当局, 権力者

当局, 権力者

ruling
[名詞]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

決定, 判決

決定, 判決

Ex: The school board 's ruling to implement a new dress code policy sparked controversy among parents and students .学校委員会の新しい服装規定を実施するという**決定**は、保護者や生徒の間で論争を引き起こしました。
to sentence
[動詞]

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

判決を下す

判決を下す

Ex: After the trial , the judge carefully sentenced the convicted murderer .裁判の後、裁判官は慎重に有罪判決を受けた殺人者を**宣告した**。
to testify
[動詞]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

証言する, 宣誓供述する

証言する, 宣誓供述する

Ex: The court relies on witnesses who are willing to testify truthfully for a fair trial .裁判所は、公正な裁判のために真実を**証言**する意思のある証人に依存しています。
testimony
[名詞]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

証言, 供述

証言, 供述

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to challenge the credibility of their testimony.弁護側の弁護士は、証人の**証言**の信憑性に疑問を投げかけるために反対尋問を行った。
witness
[名詞]

(law) a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

証人, 目撃者

証人, 目撃者

evidence
[名詞]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

証拠, 根拠

証拠, 根拠

Ex: Historical documents and artifacts serve as valuable evidence for understanding past civilizations and events .歴史的文書や遺物は、過去の文明や出来事を理解するための貴重な**証拠**として役立ちます。
trial
[名詞]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

裁判, 公判

裁判, 公判

Ex: The lawyer prepared extensively for the trial, gathering all necessary documents and witness statements .弁護士は**裁判**のために広範に準備し、必要なすべての書類と証人陳述を集めた。
verdict
[名詞]

an official decision made by the jury in a court after the legal proceedings

評決, 判決

評決, 判決

Ex: The media reported on the landmark verdict that set a new precedent in criminal law .メディアは、刑法に新たな先例を築いた画期的な**判決**について報じた。
bail
[名詞]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

保釈金, 保釈

保釈金, 保釈

Ex: The suspect's family rallied together to raise money for his bail bond.容疑者の家族は、彼の**保釈金**を集めるために団結しました。
to appeal
[動詞]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

上訴する, 控訴する

上訴する, 控訴する

Ex: The defendant decided to appeal the verdict of the lower court in hopes of receiving a more favorable outcome .被告は、より有利な結果を得ることを望んで、下級裁判所の判決を**控訴**することを決めました。
defendant
[名詞]

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

被告, 被告人

被告, 被告人

Ex: The defendant remained composed throughout the trial , maintaining innocence despite the prosecution 's strong arguments .**被告**は、検察側の強い主張にもかかわらず、裁判中ずっと冷静で、無罪を主張し続けた。
draft
[名詞]

an unfinished version of something written that might be subject to change before it is finished

草案, 下書き

草案, 下書き

to charge
[動詞]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

起訴する, 告訴する

起訴する, 告訴する

Ex: Right now , the legal team is charging individuals involved in the corruption scandal .現在、法務チームは汚職スキャンダルに関与した個人を**起訴**しています。
action
[名詞]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

訴訟, 法的プロセス

訴訟, 法的プロセス

Ex: The plaintiff initiated legal action to seek damages for the harm done.原告は、行われた害に対する損害賠償を求めるために法的**行動**を起こしました。
lawsuit
[名詞]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

訴訟, 裁判

訴訟, 裁判

Ex: The lawsuit dragged on for years , causing financial strain on both parties involved .**訴訟**は何年も続き、関係する両当事者に財政的な負担を引き起こしました。
to sue
[動詞]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

訴える, 訴訟を起こす

訴える, 訴訟を起こす

Ex: Last year , the author successfully sued the competitor for plagiarism .昨年、その著者は著作権侵害で競合他社を**訴えて**勝訴した。
proceedings
[名詞]

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

手続き,  訴訟記録

手続き, 訴訟記録

Ex: The proceedings were marked by intense arguments between the opposing counsels .**手続き**は、対立する弁護士同士の激しい議論によって特徴づけられました。
sheriff
[名詞]

an elected officer of law in a county

保安官, 選出された警察官

保安官, 選出された警察官

Ex: He served as sheriff for over two decades , earning the respect of the local community .彼は20年以上にわたって**保安官**として務め、地元コミュニティの尊敬を集めました。
inspector
[名詞]

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

警部, 警察官

警部, 警察官

Ex: Inspector Johnson was commended for his diligent work in uncovering corruption within the department.**警部**ジョンソンは、部門内の腐敗を暴くための勤勉な仕事で称賛されました。
TOEFL のための基本語彙
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