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Vocabolario Essenziale per il TOEFL - Legge e ordine

Qui imparerai alcune parole inglesi sulla legge e l'ordine, come "giustizia", "disegno di legge", "clausola", ecc., necessarie per l'esame TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
justice
justice
[sostantivo]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

giustizia

giustizia

Ex: The victim's family sought justice through the court system. 
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constitution
constitution
[sostantivo]

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

costituzione

costituzione

Ex: The constitution of South Africa, adopted in 1996, enshrines the principles of equality and human dignity as core values of the nation. 
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bill
bill
[sostantivo]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

disegno di legge

disegno di legge

Ex: The Senate voted on the bill yesterday. 
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clause
clause
[sostantivo]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

clausola

clausola

Ex: The constitution contains a freedom of speech clause that protects individuals' rights to express themselves without censorship from the government. 
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statute
statute
[sostantivo]

a written law formally enacted by a legislative body

statuto

statuto

Ex: The statute took effect at the beginning of the year. 
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act
act
[sostantivo]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

legge, atto

legge, atto

Ex: The civil rights act was a significant milestone in the fight for equality and justice. 
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legislative
legislative
[aggettivo]

relating to the process or power of making and passing laws

legislativo

legislativo

Ex: The government announced its legislative priorities for the coming year. 
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legislation
legislation
[sostantivo]

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

legislazione

legislazione

Ex: The legislation banning single-use plastics will take effect next year. 
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attorney
attorney
[sostantivo]

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

avvocato

avvocato

Ex: The attorney advised her on the best course of action for the lawsuit. 

L'avvocato le ha consigliato il miglior corso di azione per la causa.

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to pass
to pass
[Verbo]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

approvare

approvare

Ex: The motion was passed by 16 votes to 11. 
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declaration
declaration
[sostantivo]

a signed written statement giving information or affirming that something is true, especially for legal or official purposes

dichiarazione

dichiarazione

Ex: Applicants must provide a declaration confirming that all documents are genuine. 
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hearing
hearing
[sostantivo]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

udienza

udienza

Ex: The judge called for a competency hearing to determine if the defendant was fit to stand trial. 
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judicial
judicial
[aggettivo]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

giudiziario

giudiziario

Ex: Lawyers play a crucial role in presenting arguments and evidence before the judicial authorities. 

Gli avvocati svolgono un ruolo cruciale nel presentare argomenti e prove davanti alle autorità giudiziarie.

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legitimate
legitimate
[aggettivo]

allowed, authorized, or recognized by law

legittimo

legittimo

Ex: Only legitimate authorities may issue this type of permit. 
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plea
plea
[sostantivo]

a formal answer given in court to a criminal charge, stating whether the accused is guilty or not guilty

supplica

supplica

Ex: The court accepted her plea and scheduled sentencing for the following month. 
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to prosecute

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

perseguire a termini di legge

perseguire a termini di legge

Ex: He hired an expert to help prosecute the case, ensuring every legal angle was covered. 

Ha assunto un esperto per aiutare a perseguire il caso, assicurandosi che ogni aspetto legale fosse coperto.

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representation
representation
[sostantivo]

the state of being represented or the act of representing

rappresentazione

rappresentazione

Ex: His representation of the events differed from that of other witnesses. 
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authority
authority
[sostantivo]

a person or group that exercises administrative or controlling power over others

autorità

autorità

Ex: Government authorities intervened in the dispute. 
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ruling
ruling
[sostantivo]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

dominante

dominante

Ex: The school board's ruling to implement a new dress code policy sparked controversy among parents and students. 
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to sentence

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

condannare

condannare

Ex: After the trial, the judge carefully sentenced the convicted murderer. 
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to testify
to testify
[Verbo]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

testimoniare

testimoniare

Ex: The court relies on witnesses who are willing to testify truthfully for a fair trial. 

Il tribunale si affida a testimoni che sono disposti a testimoniare onestamente per un processo equo.

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testimony
testimony
[sostantivo]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

testimonianza

testimonianza

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to challenge the credibility of their testimony. 
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witness
witness
[sostantivo]

a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

testimone

testimone

Ex: The judge reminded the witness to speak the truth. 
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evidence
evidence
[sostantivo]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

prova

prova

Ex: Historical documents and artifacts serve as valuable evidence for understanding past civilizations and events. 
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trial
trial
[sostantivo]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

processo

processo

Ex: The lawyer prepared extensively for the trial, gathering all necessary documents and witness statements. 
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verdict
verdict
[sostantivo]

the formal decision reached by a jury in a court case

verdetto

verdetto

Ex: After hours of discussion, the jury reached a unanimous verdict. 
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bail
bail
[sostantivo]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

cauzione

cauzione

Ex: The judge set bail at $10,000 for the defendant. 
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to appeal
to appeal
[Verbo]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

reclamare

reclamare

Ex: The defendant decided to appeal the verdict of the lower court in hopes of receiving a more favorable outcome. 
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defendant
defendant
[sostantivo]

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

imputato

imputato

Ex: The defendant remained composed throughout the trial, maintaining innocence despite the prosecution's strong arguments. 
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draft
draft
[sostantivo]

a preliminary version of a written text, subject to revision before being finalized

bozza

bozza

Ex: That draft eventually became the published article. 
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to charge
to charge
[Verbo]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

accusare

accusare

Ex: Right now, the legal team is charging individuals involved in the corruption scandal. 
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action
action
[sostantivo]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

azione giudiziaria

azione giudiziaria

Ex: The plaintiff initiated legal action to seek damages for the harm done. 
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lawsuit
lawsuit
[sostantivo]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

processo

processo

Ex: The lawsuit dragged on for years, causing financial strain on both parties involved. 
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to sue
to sue
[Verbo]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

fare causa a

fare causa a

Ex: Last year, the author successfully sued the competitor for plagiarism. 
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proceedings
proceedings
[sostantivo]

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

procedimento

procedimento

Ex: The proceedings were marked by intense arguments between the opposing counsels. 

I procedimenti sono stati caratterizzati da intense discussioni tra gli avvocati opposti.

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sheriff
sheriff
[sostantivo]

an elected officer of law in a county

sceriffo

sceriffo

Ex: The sheriff's deputies patrolled the rural county to ensure community safety. 

I vice dello sceriffo hanno pattugliato la contea rurale per garantire la sicurezza della comunità.

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inspector
inspector
[sostantivo]

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

ispettore

ispettore

Ex: The inspector questioned witnesses at the scene. 
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