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Vocabulário Essencial para o TOEFL - Lei e Ordem

Aqui você aprenderá algumas palavras em inglês sobre lei e ordem, como "justiça", "projeto de lei", "cláusula", etc., que são necessárias para o exame TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
justice
justice
[substantivo]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

justiça

justiça

Ex: The victim's family sought justice through the court system. 
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constitution
constitution
[substantivo]

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

constituição

constituição

Ex: The Indian constitution is one of the longest and most detailed in the world, outlining the structure of government and the rights of its people. 
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bill
bill
[substantivo]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

projeto de lei, proposta de lei

projeto de lei, proposta de lei

Ex: The public had the opportunity to comment on the bill before it was voted on. 
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clause
clause
[substantivo]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

cláusula, artigo

cláusula, artigo

Ex: The insurance policy has a deductible clause, which outlines the amount the policyholder must pay out of pocket before the insurer covers the rest. 
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statute
statute
[substantivo]

a written law formally enacted by a legislative body

estatuto

estatuto

Ex: The statute took effect at the beginning of the year. 
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act
act
[substantivo]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

lei, ato

lei, ato

Ex: The environmental protection act was introduced to safeguard natural resources. 
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legislative
legislative
[adjetivo]

relating to the process or power of making and passing laws

Ex: The government announced its legislative priorities for the coming year. 
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legislation
legislation
[substantivo]

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

legislação, lei

legislação, lei

Ex: The legislation on data privacy has changed how companies handle user information. 
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attorney
attorney
[substantivo]

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

advogado, procurador

advogado, procurador

Ex: The attorney advised her on the best course of action for the lawsuit. 

O advogado a aconselhou sobre o melhor curso de ação para o processo.

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to pass
to pass
[verbo]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

aprovar, decretar

aprovar, decretar

Ex: In 1996, Congress unanimously passed the Food Quality Protection Act. 
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declaration
declaration
[substantivo]

a signed written statement giving information or affirming that something is true, especially for legal or official purposes

declaração

declaração

Ex: Applicants must provide a declaration confirming that all documents are genuine. 
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hearing
hearing
[substantivo]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

audiência, sessão

audiência, sessão

Ex: During the evidentiary hearing, the prosecution presented forensic evidence to support their case. 
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judicial
judicial
[adjetivo]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

judicial

judicial

Ex: Lawyers play a crucial role in presenting arguments and evidence before the judicial authorities. 

Os advogados desempenham um papel crucial na apresentação de argumentos e provas perante as autoridades judiciais.

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legitimate
legitimate
[adjetivo]

allowed, authorized, or recognized by law

legítimo

legítimo

Ex: Only legitimate authorities may issue this type of permit. 
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plea
plea
[substantivo]

a formal answer given in court to a criminal charge, stating whether the accused is guilty or not guilty

declaração

declaração

Ex: The court accepted her plea and scheduled sentencing for the following month. 
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to prosecute

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

processar, acusar

processar, acusar

Ex: He hired an expert to help prosecute the case, ensuring every legal angle was covered. 

Ele contratou um especialista para ajudar a processar o caso, garantindo que todos os ângulos legais fossem cobertos.

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representation
representation
[substantivo]

the state of being represented or the act of representing

representação, figuração

representação, figuração

Ex: His representation of the events differed from that of other witnesses. 
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authority
authority
[substantivo]

a person or group that exercises administrative or controlling power over others

autoridade, poder

autoridade, poder

Ex: The school authorities decided on the curriculum. 
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ruling
ruling
[substantivo]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

decisão, julgamento

decisão, julgamento

Ex: The ruling by the arbitration panel ended the long-standing dispute between the two companies. 
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to sentence

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

sentenciar

sentenciar

Ex: The judge carefully considered the evidence before deciding how to sentence the defendant. 
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to testify
to testify
[verbo]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

testemunhar, depor

testemunhar, depor

Ex: The court relies on witnesses who are willing to testify truthfully for a fair trial. 

O tribunal conta com testemunhas que estão dispostas a testemunhar com verdade para um julgamento justo.

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testimony
testimony
[substantivo]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

testemunho, depoimento

testemunho, depoimento

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to challenge the credibility of their testimony. 
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witness
witness
[substantivo]

a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

testemunha, depoente

testemunha, depoente

Ex: The defense cross-examined the witness thoroughly. 
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evidence
evidence
[substantivo]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

prova, evidência

prova, evidência

Ex: Before drawing conclusions, it's important to carefully evaluate all available evidence and consider alternative explanations. 
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trial
trial
[substantivo]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

julgamento, processo judicial

julgamento, processo judicial

Ex: After a lengthy trial, the defendant was found guilty and sentenced to ten years in prison. 
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verdict
verdict
[substantivo]

the formal decision reached by a jury in a court case

Ex: After hours of discussion, the jury reached a unanimous verdict. 
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bail
bail
[substantivo]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

fiança, liberdade sob fiança

fiança, liberdade sob fiança

Ex: The judge set bail at $10,000 for the defendant. 
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to appeal
to appeal
[verbo]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

apelar, recorrer

apelar, recorrer

Ex: The tenant's lawyer advised them to appeal the eviction order issued by the housing court. 
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defendant
defendant
[substantivo]

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

réu, acusado

réu, acusado

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to cast doubt on the defendant's involvement. 
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draft
draft
[substantivo]

a preliminary version of a written text, subject to revision before being finalized

rascunho, esboço

rascunho, esboço

Ex: He rewrote the report after reading the draft. 
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to charge
to charge
[verbo]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

acusar, incriminar

acusar, incriminar

Ex: The district attorney is considering whether to charge the defendant with assault. 
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action
action
[substantivo]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

ação, processo

ação, processo

Ex: The court decided to dismiss the action due to lack of evidence. 
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lawsuit
lawsuit
[substantivo]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

processo, ação judicial

processo, ação judicial

Ex: The lawsuit dragged on for years, causing financial strain on both parties involved. 
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to sue
to sue
[verbo]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

processar, entrar com uma ação

processar, entrar com uma ação

Ex: The author opted to sue the publisher for copyright infringement. 
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proceedings
proceedings
[substantivo]

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

procedimentos,  autos

procedimentos, autos

Ex: The proceedings were marked by intense arguments between the opposing counsels. 

Os procedimentos foram marcados por intensos argumentos entre os advogados opostos.

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sheriff
sheriff
[substantivo]

an elected officer of law in a county

xerife, oficial de polícia eleito

xerife, oficial de polícia eleito

Ex: The sheriff's office responded promptly to emergencies and provided support during natural disasters. 
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inspector
inspector
[substantivo]

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

inspetor, oficial de polícia

inspetor, oficial de polícia

Ex: She was promoted to inspector last year. 
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