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Vocabulario Esencial para el TOEFL - La Ley y el Orden

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés sobre la ley y el orden, como "justice", "bill", "clause", etc. que se necesitan para el examen TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
justice
justice
[Sustantivo]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

justicia

justicia

Ex: Many people protested, demanding justice for the wrongfully accused. 

Mucha gente protestó, exigiendo justicia para los acusados injustamente.

constitution
constitution
[Sustantivo]

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

constitución

constitución

Ex: The Indian constitution is one of the longest and most detailed in the world, outlining the structure of government and the rights of its people. 

La constitución india es una de las más largas y detalladas del mundo, que describe la estructura del gobierno y los derechos de su pueblo.

bill
bill
[Sustantivo]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

proyecto de ley

proyecto de ley

Ex: The public had the opportunity to comment on the bill before it was voted on. 

El público tuvo la oportunidad de comentar el proyecto de ley antes de que se votara.

clause
clause
[Sustantivo]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

cláusula

cláusula

Ex: The insurance policy has a deductible clause, which outlines the amount the policyholder must pay out of pocket before the insurer covers the rest. 

La póliza de seguro tiene una cláusula de deducible, que describe la cantidad que el asegurado debe pagar de su bolsillo antes de que la aseguradora cubra el resto.

statute
statute
[Sustantivo]

an officially written and established law

ley, estatuto

ley, estatuto

Ex: He challenged the statute in court, arguing that it was unconstitutional. 

Desafió el estatuto en la corte, argumentando que era inconstitucional.

act
act
[Sustantivo]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

ley, acto

ley, acto

Ex: The environmental protection act was introduced to safeguard natural resources. 

La ley de protección ambiental se introdujo para salvaguardar los recursos naturales.

legislative
legislative
[Adjetivo]

relating to the making and passing of laws by government bodies

legislativo

legislativo

Ex: Lobbying is a common practice where interest groups seek to influence legislative decisions. 

El cabildeo es una práctica común donde los grupos de interés buscan influir en las decisiones legislativas.

legislation
legislation
[Sustantivo]

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

legislación

legislación

Ex: The legislation on data privacy has changed how companies handle user information. 

La legislación sobre privacidad de datos ha cambiado cómo las empresas manejan la información del usuario.

attorney
attorney
[Sustantivo]

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

representante legal, apoderado

representante legal, apoderado

Ex: The attorney prepared the necessary documents for the property transfer. 

El abogado preparó los documentos necesarios para la transferencia de propiedad.

to pass
to pass
[Verbo]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

aprobar, decretar

aprobar, decretar

Ex: The first Transport Act was passed in 1907. 

La primera Ley de Transporte fue aprobada en 1907.

declaration
declaration
[Sustantivo]

(law) an official written document that people sign to agree on something or accept something as true

declaración

declaración

Ex: The declaration of independence marked the nation's formal break from colonial rule. 

La declaración de independencia marcó la ruptura formal de la nación con el dominio colonial.

hearing
hearing
[Sustantivo]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

audiencia, vista

audiencia, vista

Ex: During the evidentiary hearing, the prosecution presented forensic evidence to support their case. 

Durante la audiencia probatoria, la fiscalía presentó pruebas forenses para respaldar su caso.

judicial
judicial
[Adjetivo]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

judicial

judicial

Ex: The judicial system ensures fair treatment and due process for all individuals involved in legal proceedings. 

El sistema judicial garantiza un trato justo y el debido proceso para todas las personas involucradas en procedimientos legales.

legitimate
legitimate
[Adjetivo]

officially allowed or accepted according to the rules or laws that apply to a particular situation

legítimo, legal

legítimo, legal

Ex: Only legitimate voters are allowed to participate in the election process. 

Solo se permite que los votantes legítimos participen en el proceso electoral.

plea
plea
[Sustantivo]

(law) a formal statement made by someone confirming or denying their accusation

declaración

declaración

Ex: She entered a plea of guilty to avoid a lengthy court proceeding. 

Ella presentó una declaración de culpabilidad para evitar un largo proceso judicial.

to prosecute

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

procesar

procesar

Ex: The prosecutor’s office chose not to prosecute, citing insufficient evidence. 

La fiscalía optó por no procesar, citando pruebas insuficientes.

representation
representation
[Sustantivo]

the state of being represented or the act of representing

representación, figuración

representación, figuración

authority
authority
[Sustantivo]

a person or group that exercises administrative or controlling power over others

autoridad

autoridad

Ex: The school authorities decided on the curriculum. 

Las autoridades escolares decidieron el plan de estudios.

ruling
ruling
[Sustantivo]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

resolución

resolución

Ex: The ruling by the arbitration panel ended the long-standing dispute between the two companies. 

El fallo del panel de arbitraje puso fin a la disputa de larga data entre las dos empresas.

to sentence

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

sentenciar

sentenciar

Ex: The judge carefully considered the evidence before deciding how to sentence the defendant. 

El juez consideró cuidadosamente la evidencia antes de decidir cómo sentenciar al acusado.

to testify
to testify
[Verbo]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

testificar, declarar

testificar, declarar

Ex: Experts may be called to testify regarding their professional opinions on a case. 

Se puede llamar a los expertos a testificar respecto a sus opiniones profesionales sobre un caso.

testimony
testimony
[Sustantivo]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

testimonio, declaración

testimonio, declaración

Ex: Her testimony was crucial in establishing the defendant's guilt. 

Su testimonio fue crucial para establecer la culpabilidad del acusado.

witness
witness
[Sustantivo]

a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

testigo

testigo

Ex: The defense cross-examined the witness thoroughly. 

La defensa interrogó al testigo minuciosamente.

evidence
evidence
[Sustantivo]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

prueba, comprobación

prueba, comprobación

Ex: Before drawing conclusions, it's important to carefully evaluate all available evidence and consider alternative explanations. 

Antes de sacar conclusiones, es importante evaluar cuidadosamente todas las pruebas disponibles y considerar explicaciones alternativas.

trial
trial
[Sustantivo]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

juicio

juicio

Ex: After a lengthy trial, the defendant was found guilty and sentenced to ten years in prison. 

Después de un largo juicio, el acusado fue declarado culpable y condenado a diez años de prisión.

verdict
verdict
[Sustantivo]

an official decision made by the jury in a court after the legal proceedings

veredicto

veredicto

Ex: The defense team was surprised by the unexpected verdict of not guilty. 

El equipo de defensa se sorprendió por el veredicto inesperado de no culpable.

bail
bail
[Sustantivo]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

fianza

fianza

Ex: The bail bondsman agreed to post bail on behalf of the defendant in exchange for a fee. 

El agente de fianzas aceptó pagar la fianza en nombre del acusado a cambio de una tarifa.

to appeal
to appeal
[Verbo]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

apelar a

apelar a

Ex: The tenant's lawyer advised them to appeal the eviction order issued by the housing court. 

El abogado del inquilino les aconsejó apelar la orden de desalojo emitida por el tribunal de vivienda.

defendant
defendant
[Sustantivo]

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

acusado

acusado

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to cast doubt on the defendant's involvement. 

El abogado defensor interrogó al testigo para poner en duda la participación del acusado.

draft
draft
[Sustantivo]

a preliminary version of a written text, subject to revision before being finalized

borrador

borrador

Ex: He rewrote the report after reading the draft. 

Reescribió el informe después de leer el borrador.

to charge
to charge
[Verbo]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

acusar

acusar

Ex: The district attorney is considering whether to charge the defendant with assault. 

El fiscal del distrito está considerando si acusar al acusado de agresión.

action
action
[Sustantivo]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

acción

acción

Ex: The court decided to dismiss the action due to lack of evidence. 

El tribunal decidió desestimar la acción debido a la falta de pruebas.

lawsuit
lawsuit
[Sustantivo]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

pleito, demanda, juicio

pleito, demanda, juicio

Ex: The lawsuit was settled out of court with both parties agreeing to a financial settlement. 

El juicio se resolvió fuera de los tribunales con ambas partes acordando un acuerdo financiero.

to sue
to sue
[Verbo]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

demandar

demandar

Ex: The author opted to sue the publisher for copyright infringement. 

El autor optó por demandar al editor por infracción de derechos de autor.

proceedings
proceedings
[Sustantivo]

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

proceso

proceso

Ex: Both parties agreed to settle the dispute outside of the formal court proceedings. 

Ambas partes acordaron resolver la disputa fuera de los procedimientos judiciales formales.

sheriff
sheriff
[Sustantivo]

an elected officer of law in a county

sheriff, alguacil

sheriff, alguacil

Ex: The sheriff's office responded promptly to emergencies and provided support during natural disasters. 

La oficina del alguacil respondió rápidamente a las emergencias y brindó apoyo durante los desastres naturales.

inspector
inspector
[Sustantivo]

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

inspector

inspector

Ex: She was promoted to inspector last year. 

Fue ascendida a inspectora el año pasado.

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