Vocabulario Esencial para el TOEFL - La Ley y el Orden

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés sobre la ley y el orden, como "justice", "bill", "clause", etc. que se necesitan para el examen TOEFL.

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justice

[Sustantivo]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

justicia

Ex: They believed that true justice could only be achieved through reforms in the legal system .Creían que la verdadera **justicia** solo podía lograrse mediante reformas en el sistema legal.

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constitution

[Sustantivo]

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

constitución

Ex: The constitution of South Africa , adopted in 1996 , enshrines the principles of equality and human dignity as core values of the nation .La **constitución** de Sudáfrica, adoptada en 1996, consagra los principios de igualdad y dignidad humana como valores centrales de la nación.

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bill

[Sustantivo]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

proyecto de ley

Ex: The bill was delayed in the legislative process due to disagreements among committee members .El **proyecto de ley** se retrasó en el proceso legislativo debido a desacuerdos entre los miembros del comité.

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clause

[Sustantivo]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

cláusula

Ex: The constitution contains a freedom of speech clause that protects individuals ' rights to express themselves without censorship from the government .La constitución contiene una **cláusula** de libertad de expresión que protege el derecho de los individuos a expresarse sin censura del gobierno.

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statute

[Sustantivo]

an officially written and established law

ley, estatuto

Ex: Under the statute, the company must provide annual safety training for employees .Según el **estatuto**, la empresa debe proporcionar capacitación anual en seguridad para los empleados.

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act

[Sustantivo]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

ley, acto

Ex: The civil rights act was a significant milestone in the fight for equality and justice .La ley de derechos civiles fue un hito significativo en la lucha por la igualdad y la justicia.

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legislative

[Adjetivo]

relating to the making and passing of laws by government bodies

legislativo

Ex: The legislative process typically involves multiple stages , including committee review , floor debate , and final vote .El proceso **legislativo** generalmente implica múltiples etapas, incluyendo la revisión en comité, el debate en el pleno y la votación final.

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legislation

[Sustantivo]

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

legislación

Ex: The legislation banning single-use plastics will take effect next year .**La legislación** que prohíbe los plásticos de un solo uso entrará en vigor el próximo año.

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attorney

[Sustantivo]

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

representante legal, apoderado

Ex: The attorney advised her on the best course of action for the lawsuit .El **abogado** le aconsejó sobre el mejor curso de acción para la demanda.

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to pass

[Verbo]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

aprobar, decretar

Ex: The United Nations Security Council has passed a resolution asking the two countries to resume peace negotiations .El Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas ha **aprobado** una resolución pidiendo a los dos países que reanuden las negociaciones de paz.

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declaration

[Sustantivo]

(law) an official written document that people sign to agree on something or accept something as true

declaración

Ex: The company issued a declaration of compliance with industry standards to assure consumers of their product 's safety .**Declaración**

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hearing

[Sustantivo]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

audiencia, vista

Ex: The judge called for a competency hearing to determine if the defendant was fit to stand trial .El juez solicitó una **audiencia** de competencia para determinar si el acusado estaba en condiciones de ser juzgado.

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judicial

[Adjetivo]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

judicial

Ex: Lawyers play a crucial role in presenting arguments and evidence before the judicial authorities .Los abogados desempeñan un papel crucial al presentar argumentos y pruebas ante las autoridades **judiciales**.

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legitimate

[Adjetivo]

officially allowed or accepted according to the rules or laws that apply to a particular situation

legítimo, legal

Ex: The agreement was negotiated and signed under legitimate terms and conditions .El acuerdo fue negociado y firmado bajo términos y condiciones **legítimos**.

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plea

[Sustantivo]

(law) a formal statement made by someone confirming or denying their accusation

declaración

Ex: The defense attorney argued for a reduction in charges based on the plea bargain negotiated with the prosecution.El abogado defensor argumentó a favor de una reducción de cargos basada en el **pleito** negociado con la fiscalía.

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to prosecute

[Verbo]

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

procesar

Ex: He hired an expert to help prosecute the case , ensuring every legal angle was covered .Contrató a un experto para ayudar a **procesar** el caso, asegurándose de que todos los ángulos legales estuvieran cubiertos.

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representation

[Sustantivo]

the state of being represented or the act of representing

representación, figuración

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authority

[Sustantivo]

(usually plural) people with decision-making power over a specific area in a country

autoridad

Ex: Government authorities intervened in the dispute.

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ruling

[Sustantivo]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

resolución

Ex: The school board 's ruling to implement a new dress code policy sparked controversy among parents and students .La **decisión** de la junta escolar de implementar una nueva política de código de vestimenta generó controversia entre padres y estudiantes.

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to sentence

[Verbo]

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

sentenciar

Ex: After the trial , the judge carefully sentenced the convicted murderer .Después del juicio, el juez **sentenció** cuidadosamente al asesino convicto.

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to testify

[Verbo]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

testificar, declarar

Ex: The court relies on witnesses who are willing to testify truthfully for a fair trial .El tribunal depende de testigos que están dispuestos a **testificar** con veracidad para un juicio justo.

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testimony

[Sustantivo]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

testimonio, declaración

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to challenge the credibility of their testimony.El abogado defensor interrogó al testigo para desafiar la credibilidad de su **testimonio**.

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witness

[Sustantivo]

(law) a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

testigo

Ex: The judge reminded the witness to speak the truth .

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evidence

[Sustantivo]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

prueba, comprobación

Ex: Historical documents and artifacts serve as valuable evidence for understanding past civilizations and events .Los documentos y artefactos históricos sirven como **evidencia** valiosa para comprender las civilizaciones y eventos pasados.

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trial

[Sustantivo]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

juicio

Ex: The lawyer prepared extensively for the trial, gathering all necessary documents and witness statements .El abogado se preparó extensamente para el **juicio**, reuniendo todos los documentos necesarios y los testimonios de los testigos.

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verdict

[Sustantivo]

an official decision made by the jury in a court after the legal proceedings

veredicto

Ex: The media reported on the landmark verdict that set a new precedent in criminal law .Los medios informaron sobre el **veredicto** histórico que sentó un nuevo precedente en el derecho penal.

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bail

[Sustantivo]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

fianza

Ex: The suspect's family rallied together to raise money for his bail bond.La familia del sospechoso se unió para recaudar dinero para su **fianza**.

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to appeal

[Verbo]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

apelar a

Ex: The defendant decided to appeal the verdict of the lower court in hopes of receiving a more favorable outcome .El acusado decidió **apelar** el veredicto del tribunal inferior con la esperanza de recibir un resultado más favorable.

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defendant

[Sustantivo]

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

acusado

Ex: The defendant remained composed throughout the trial , maintaining innocence despite the prosecution 's strong arguments .El **acusado** permaneció sereno durante todo el juicio, manteniendo su inocencia a pesar de los fuertes argumentos de la fiscalía.

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draft

[Sustantivo]

a preliminary version of a written text, subject to revision before being finalized

borrador

Ex: That draft eventually became the published article .**Ese borrador** finalmente se convirtió en el artículo publicado.

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to charge

[Verbo]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

acusar

Ex: Right now , the legal team is charging individuals involved in the corruption scandal .En este momento, el equipo legal **acusa** a los individuos involucrados en el escándalo de corrupción.

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action

[Sustantivo]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

acción

Ex: The plaintiff initiated legal action to seek damages for the harm done.El demandante inició una **acción** legal para buscar indemnización por el daño causado.

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lawsuit

[Sustantivo]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

pleito, demanda, juicio

Ex: The lawsuit dragged on for years , causing financial strain on both parties involved .El **juicio** se prolongó durante años, causando tensión financiera a ambas partes involucradas.

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to sue

[Verbo]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

demandar

Ex: Last year , the author successfully sued the competitor for plagiarism .El año pasado, el autor **demandó** con éxito al competidor por plagio.

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proceedings

[Sustantivo]

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

proceso

Ex: The proceedings were marked by intense arguments between the opposing counsels .Los **procedimientos** estuvieron marcados por intensos argumentos entre los abogados opuestos.

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sheriff

[Sustantivo]

an elected officer of law in a county

sheriff, alguacil

Ex: He served as sheriff for over two decades , earning the respect of the local community .Sirvió como **alguacil** durante más de dos décadas, ganándose el respeto de la comunidad local.

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inspector

[Sustantivo]

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

inspector

Ex: The inspector questioned witnesses at the scene .

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Vocabulario Esencial para el TOEFL

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