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Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL - Law and Order

Here you will learn some English words about law and order, such as "justice", "bill", "clause", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
justice
justice
[noun]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

Ex: The victim's family sought justice through the court system for the crimes committed against their loved one. 
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constitution

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

Ex: The constitution of this country guarantees freedom of speech and the separation of powers among its branches of government. 
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bill
bill
[noun]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

Ex: After several debates, the bill was passed and became law. 
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clause
clause
[noun]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

Ex: The rental agreement includes a clause specifying the responsibilities of both the landlord and the tenant. 
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statute
statute
[noun]

an officially written and established law

Ex: The new statute requires all drivers to use hands-free devices while driving. 
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act
act
[noun]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

Ex: The new education act aims to improve the quality of schools nationwide. 
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legislative
legislative
[Adjective]

relating to the making and passing of laws by government bodies

Ex: The legislative branch of government is responsible for proposing, debating, and passing laws. 
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legislation

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

Ex: The new environmental legislation limits carbon emissions from factories. 
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attorney
attorney
[noun]

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

Ex: The attorney presented a strong case in court on behalf of his client. 
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to pass
to pass
[Verb]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

Ex: In 1996, Congress unanimously passed the Food Quality Protection Act. 
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declaration

(law) an official written document that people sign to agree on something or accept something as true

Ex: The parties signed a declaration of intent to formalize their agreement. 
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hearing
hearing
[noun]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

Ex: The judge scheduled a hearing to review the evidence presented by both parties. 
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judicial
judicial
[Adjective]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

Ex: The judicial branch of government oversees the interpretation and application of laws through courts and judges. 
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legitimate
legitimate
[Adjective]

officially allowed or accepted according to the rules or laws that apply to a particular situation

Ex: The company's operations were deemed legitimate after passing all regulatory inspections. 
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plea
plea
[noun]

(law) a formal statement made by someone confirming or denying their accusation

Ex: The defendant entered a plea of not guilty to the charges. 
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to prosecute

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

Ex: The lawyer was hired to prosecute the case on behalf of the victim’s family. 
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representation

the state of being represented or the act of representing

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authority
authority
[noun]

a person or group that exercises administrative or controlling power over others

Ex: Local authorities regulate public services. 
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ruling
ruling
[noun]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

Ex: The Supreme Court's ruling on the case set a precedent for future privacy rights. 
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to sentence

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

Ex: The judge will sentence the convicted criminal to five years in prison. 
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to testify

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

Ex: Witnesses are called to testify about what they saw during the accident. 
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testimony
testimony
[noun]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

Ex: The witness provided compelling testimony that corroborated the victim's account. 
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witness
witness
[noun]

a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

Ex: The witness testified in court about what they saw. 
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evidence
evidence
[noun]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

Ex: The prosecution presented compelling evidence, including DNA analysis and eyewitness testimony, to support their case. 
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trial
trial
[noun]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

Ex: The trial lasted for several weeks as witnesses testified and evidence was presented. 
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verdict
verdict
[noun]

an official decision made by the jury in a court after the legal proceedings

Ex: The jury reached an unanimous verdict of guilty after deliberating for several hours. 
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bail
bail
[noun]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

Ex: The judge set bail at $10,000 for the defendant's release from jail before the trial. 
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to appeal
to appeal
[Verb]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

Ex: The defense attorney filed a motion to appeal the sentencing imposed by the trial court. 
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defendant
defendant
[noun]

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

Ex: The defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges of theft and fraud. 
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draft
draft
[noun]

a preliminary version of a written text, subject to revision before being finalized

Ex: She emailed the first draft of her essay. 
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to charge
to charge
[Verb]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

Ex: The prosecutor decided to charge the suspect with theft based on the evidence. 
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action
action
[noun]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

Ex: The action was filed to resolve the dispute between the two parties. 
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lawsuit
lawsuit
[noun]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

Ex: She filed a lawsuit against the company for wrongful termination. 
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to sue
to sue
[Verb]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

Ex: The dissatisfied customer decided to sue the company for breach of contract. 
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proceedings

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

Ex: The lawyer reviewed the court proceedings carefully before the trial. 
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sheriff
sheriff
[noun]

an elected officer of law in a county

Ex: The sheriff's deputies patrolled the rural county to ensure community safety. 
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inspector
inspector
[noun]

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

Ex: The inspector led the investigation into the robbery. 
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