Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL - Law and Order

Here you will learn some English words about law and order, such as "justice", "bill", "clause", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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justice [noun]

a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

Ex: Many people protested , demanding justice for the wrongfully accused .

constitution [noun]

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

Ex: The Indian constitution is one of the longest and most detailed in the world , outlining the structure of government and the rights of its people .

bill [noun]

a new law that is proposed to a parliament to be discussed about

Ex: The senator sponsored the bill to address healthcare reform .

clause [noun]

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

Ex: The insurance policy has a deductible clause , which outlines the amount the policyholder must pay out of pocket before the insurer covers the rest .

statute [noun]

an officially written and established law

Ex: He challenged the statute in court , arguing that it was unconstitutional .

act [noun]

a law that is passed by a parliament or congress

Ex: The environmental protection act was introduced to safeguard natural resources .

legislative [adjective]

relating to the making and passing of laws by government bodies

Ex: Lobbying is a common practice where interest groups seek to influence legislative decisions .

legislation [noun]

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

Ex: The legislation on data privacy has changed how companies handle user information .

attorney [noun]

a lawyer who represents someone in a court of law

Ex: The attorney prepared the necessary documents for the property transfer .

to pass [verb]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

Ex: The first Transport Act was passed in 1907 .

declaration [noun]

(law) an official written document that people sign to agree on something or accept something as true

Ex:

hearing [noun]

(law) an official gathering in a court of law, especially without the presence of the jury, to find out information about a case and listen to evidence

Ex: During the evidentiary hearing , the prosecution presented forensic evidence to support their case .

judicial [adjective]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

Ex:

legitimate [adjective]

officially allowed or accepted according to the rules or laws that apply to a particular situation

Ex: Only legitimate voters are allowed to participate in the election process .

plea [noun]

(law) a formal statement made by someone confirming or denying their accusation

Ex: She entered a plea of guilty to avoid a lengthy court proceeding .

to prosecute [verb]

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

Ex: The prosecutor ’s office chose not to prosecute , citing insufficient evidence .

representation [noun]

the state of being represented or the act of representing

authority [noun]

a person or group that exercises administrative or controlling power over others

Ex:

ruling [noun]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

Ex: The ruling by the arbitration panel ended the long-standing dispute between the two companies .

to sentence [verb]

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

Ex: The judge carefully considered the evidence before deciding how to sentence the defendant .

to testify [verb]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

Ex: Experts may be called to testify regarding their professional opinions on a case .

testimony [noun]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

Ex: Her testimony was crucial in establishing the defendant 's guilt .

witness [noun]

a person who testifies under oath in a court of law

Ex: The defense cross-examined the witness thoroughly .

evidence [noun]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

Ex: Before drawing conclusions , it 's important to carefully evaluate all available evidence and consider alternative explanations .

trial [noun]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

Ex: After a lengthy trial , the defendant was found guilty and sentenced to ten years in prison .

verdict [noun]

an official decision made by the jury in a court after the legal proceedings

Ex: The defense team was surprised by the unexpected verdict of not guilty .

bail [noun]

an amount of money that must be paid in order for someone who is accused of a crime to be released until their trial

Ex: The bail bondsman agreed to post bail on behalf of the defendant in exchange for a fee .

to appeal [verb]

to officially ask a higher court to review and reverse the decision made by a lower court

Ex: The tenant 's lawyer advised them to appeal the eviction order issued by the housing court .

defendant [noun]

a person in a law court who is sued by someone else or is accused of committing a crime

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to cast doubt on the defendant 's involvement .

draft [noun]

a preliminary version of a written text, subject to revision before being finalized

Ex: He rewrote the report after reading the draft .

to charge [verb]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

Ex: The district attorney is considering whether to charge the defendant with assault .

action [noun]

a formal or legal process in which it is decided if someone has done something wrong or illegal

Ex: The court decided to dismiss the action due to lack of evidence .

lawsuit [noun]

a complaint or claim that someone brings to a law court for settlement

Ex: The lawsuit was settled out of court with both parties agreeing to a financial settlement .

to sue [verb]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

Ex: The author opted to sue the publisher for copyright infringement .

proceedings [noun]

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

Ex: Both parties agreed to settle the dispute outside of the formal court proceedings .

sheriff [noun]

an elected officer of law in a county

Ex: The sheriff 's office responded promptly to emergencies and provided support during natural disasters .

inspector [noun]

a police officer holding an intermediate rank

Ex: She was promoted to inspector last year .

Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL
Family and Relationships	Stages of Life	Personal Characteristics	Feelings and Emotions
Appearance	Clothing and Fashion	Colors and Shapes	Education
Employment	Language and Grammar	The Human Body	Communication
Travel and Tourism	Transportation	Means of Transportation	The Computer World
Society and Social Issues	Healthcare and Medicine	Medical Examinations and Procedures	Physical Conditions and Injuries
Mental Disorders	Physical Disabilities and Illnesses	Geography	Space
The Environment and Weather	The Animal Kingdom	The Art World	Cinema and Theater
Music	Literature	Broadcasting and Journalism	Food and Restaurant
Diet	Agriculture and Plants	Point of View	Cause and Effect
Certainty and Doubt	Suggestions and Rules	Pride and Prejudice	Houses and Buildings
Hobbies and Games	Shopping	The Economy	The Business World
Success and Failure	Politics	Law and Order	Crime and Punishment
War and Peace	Religion	Biology, Physics, and Chemistry	Mathematics and Measurement
Engineering and Research	Athletics	Time and History