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TOEFL のための基本語彙 - Geography

ここでは、TOEFL試験に必要な「熱帯」、「丘陵地」、「斜面」などの地理に関する英語の単語を学びます。

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
geology
[名詞]

a field of science that studies the structure of the earth and its history

地質学, 地球科学

地質学, 地球科学

Ex: Studying geology reveals the history of our planet , from the formation of continents to the evolution of life .**地質学**を学ぶことで、大陸の形成から生命の進化まで、私たちの惑星の歴史が明らかになります。
hemisphere
[名詞]

one of the two halves of the Earth, separated by the equator or a meridian

半球, ヘミスフィア

半球, ヘミスフィア

Ex: The Earth 's hemispheres have different weather patterns due to their locations .地球の**半球**は、その位置により異なる気象パターンを持っています。
altitude
[名詞]

the distance between an object or point and sea level

高度

高度

Ex: Meteorologists study altitude variations to understand atmospheric pressure changes .気象学者は、大気圧の変化を理解するために**高度**の変動を研究します。
latitude
[名詞]

the distance of a point north or south of the equator that is measured in degrees

緯度

緯度

continental
[形容詞]

relating to or characteristic of any continent

大陸の

大陸の

longitude
[名詞]

the distance of a point east or west of the meridian at Greenwich that is measured in degrees

経度, 子午線

経度, 子午線

Ex: Time zones are determined based on lines of longitude around the globe.タイムゾーンは、地球の周りの**経度**の線に基づいて決定されます。
tropic
[名詞]

each of the two parallel and imaginary lines around the earth that is 23°26ʹ south or north of the equator

回帰線, 熱帯圏

回帰線, 熱帯圏

tropical
[形容詞]

associated with or characteristic of the tropics, regions of the Earth near the equator known for their warm climate and lush vegetation

熱帯の, 赤道の

熱帯の, 赤道の

Ex: The tropical sun provides abundant warmth and energy for photosynthesis in plants .**熱帯**の太陽は、植物の光合成に豊富な暖かさとエネルギーを提供します。
horizon
[名詞]

the line where the sky and earth seem to come in contact with each other

地平線

地平線

Ex: The sunset painted the horizon with hues of pink and orange .夕日が **地平線** をピンクとオレンジの色合いで描いた。
equator
[名詞]

a hypothetical line around the Earth that divides it into Northern and Southern hemispheres

赤道, 赤道線

赤道, 赤道線

peninsula
[名詞]

a large body of land that is partially surrounded by water but is attached to a larger area of land

半島, ほぼ島

半島, ほぼ島

Ex: The Arabian Peninsula is a vast desert region rich in oil and cultural history, bordered by several bodies of water, including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.アラビア半島は、石油と文化的な歴史に富んだ広大な砂漠地帯で、紅海やペルシャ湾を含むいくつかの水域に囲まれています。
highland
[名詞]

land with mountains or hills

高地, 山岳地帯

高地, 山岳地帯

Ex: Highlands are often characterized by their cooler climates and unique flora and fauna adapted to higher elevations.**高地**は、より涼しい気候と、より高い高度に適応した独特の動植物によって特徴付けられることが多い。
inland
[形容詞]

located away from the coast

内陸の, 海岸から離れた

内陸の, 海岸から離れた

Ex: The inland plains are ideal for agriculture due to fertile soil .肥沃な土壌のため、**内陸**の平野は農業に理想的です。
hilly
[形容詞]

having many hills

丘の多い, 起伏のある

丘の多い, 起伏のある

Ex: The hilly roads can be dangerous during the rainy season .雨の季節には**丘陵地**の道路は危険な場合があります。
terrain
[名詞]

an area of land, particularly in reference to its physical or natural features

地形, 風景

地形, 風景

Ex: Farmers adapted their cultivation techniques to suit the varying terrain of their land , employing terracing on slopes and irrigation systems in low-lying areas to optimize agricultural productivity .農家は、農業生産性を最適化するために、斜面に段々畑を、低地に灌漑システムを採用し、土地の多様な**地形**に合わせて栽培技術を適応させました。
slope
[名詞]

a stretch of land forming part of a hill or mountain

斜面, 坂

斜面, 坂

pole
[名詞]

the most northern or most southern points of the earth that are joined by its axis of rotation

極, 北極/南極

極, 北極/南極

Ex: The magnetic poles are not aligned exactly with the geographic poles and can shift due to changes in the Earth 's magnetic field .磁気**極**は地理的な極と正確に一致しているわけではなく、地球の磁場の変化により移動することがあります。
ravine
[名詞]

a deep narrow valley with steep sides, usually worn by a stream

峡谷,  渓谷

峡谷, 渓谷

Ex: Geologists study the formation of ravines to understand how water shapes the Earth 's surface over millennia .地質学者は、水が何千年にもわたって地球の表面をどのように形作るかを理解するために、**峡谷**の形成を研究します。
branch
[名詞]

a smaller part of a river that is separated from the main and larger part

分流, 支流

分流, 支流

Ex: The bridge spanned the branch of the river , providing a scenic view of the surrounding landscape .橋は川の**支流**に架かり、周囲の風景の景色の良い眺めを提供した。
current
[名詞]

the flow or movement of water or a liquid in a specific direction

流れ, 潮流

流れ, 潮流

Ex: The warm ocean current influences the coastal climate, making winters milder.暖かい海**流**は沿岸の気候に影響を与え、冬をより穏やかにします。
tide
[名詞]

the rise and fall of the sea level, which happens regularly, as a result of the attraction of the sun and moon

潮

Ex: Tidal energy , generated from the movement of the tide, is a renewable source of power in some coastal regions .潮の動きから生成される**潮汐**エネルギーは、一部の沿岸地域での再生可能な動力源です。
gulf
[名詞]

an area of sea that is partly surrounded by land, with a narrow opening

湾, 入り江

湾, 入り江

Ex: The boat was anchored in a quiet gulf.ボートは静かな**湾**に停泊していた。
coastal
[形容詞]

related to or situated along the coast, the area where land meets the sea

沿岸の, 海岸の

沿岸の, 海岸の

Ex: Coastal communities often rely on fishing and tourism for economic livelihood .**沿岸**のコミュニティは、経済的生計のために漁業と観光に頼ることが多い。
crater
[名詞]

the round top of a volcano

火口

火口

Ex: The volcanic crater was filled with lava that glowed orange at night.火山の**クレーター**は、夜にオレンジ色に輝く溶岩で満たされていた。
lava
[名詞]

a substance from the inner layers of the earth which is erupted out of a volcanic mountain

溶岩

溶岩

Ex: Scientists study lava samples to understand the composition of the Earth 's interior .科学者たちは地球の内部の組成を理解するために**溶岩**のサンプルを研究します。
iceberg
[名詞]

a very large floating piece of ice

氷山, 流氷

氷山, 流氷

Ex: The expedition team carefully navigated their ship around the towering iceberg.探検隊はそびえ立つ**氷山**の周りを船で慎重に進みました。
glacier
[名詞]

a large mass of ice that forms over long periods of time, especially in polar regions or high mountains

氷河, 永久氷

氷河, 永久氷

Ex: The farm uses renewable energy to power its operations.農場はその運営に電力を供給するために再生可能エネルギーを使用しています。
canyon
[名詞]

a valley that is deep and has very steep sides, through which a river is flowing usually

峡谷, 渓谷

峡谷, 渓谷

Ex: They set up camp near the bottom of the canyon.彼らは**峡谷**の底近くにキャンプを設営した。
reef
[名詞]

a ridge of rock or a line of sand near the surface of a body of water

礁, 珊瑚礁

礁, 珊瑚礁

coral reef
[名詞]

a natural underwater structure formed by coral

珊瑚礁, 珊瑚の礁

珊瑚礁, 珊瑚の礁

Ex: Coral reefs are often called the rainforests of the sea .**サンゴ礁**はしばしば海の熱帯雨林と呼ばれます。
pond
[名詞]

an area containing still water that is comparatively smaller than a lake, particularly one that is made artificially

池, ため池

池, ため池

Ex: In winter , the pond froze over , allowing people to enjoy ice skating and other activities on its surface .冬には、**池**が凍り、人々がその表面でアイススケートや他の活動を楽しむことができました。
marine
[形容詞]

related to the sea and the different life forms that exist there

海洋の

海洋の

Ex: Marine biology focuses on studying the organisms and environments of the ocean .**海洋**生物学は、海洋の生物と環境の研究に焦点を当てています。
peak
[名詞]

the pointed top of a mountain

頂上, 山頂

頂上, 山頂

Ex: The mountain 's peak was often shrouded in clouds , giving it a mysterious appearance .山の**頂上**はよく雲に包まれ、神秘的な外観を与えていました。
TOEFL のための基本語彙
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