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Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL - Geography

Here you will learn some English words about geography, such as "tropic", "hilly", "slope", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
geology
geology
[noun]

a field of science that studies the structure of the earth and its history

Ex: Studying geology reveals the history of our planet , from the formation of continents to the evolution of life .
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hemisphere

one of the two halves of the Earth, separated by the equator or a meridian

Ex: The Earth 's hemispheres have different weather patterns due to their locations .
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altitude
altitude
[noun]

the distance between an object or point and sea level

Ex: Meteorologists study altitude variations to understand atmospheric pressure changes .
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latitude
latitude
[noun]

an imaginary horizontal circle around the Earth parallel to the equator, used to measure north-south position

Ex: Latitude coordinates are paired with longitude to specify locations.
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continental
continental
[Adjective]

relating to or characteristic of any continent

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longitude
longitude
[noun]

the distance of a point east or west of the meridian at Greenwich that is measured in degrees

Ex: Time zones are determined based on lines of longitude around the globe.
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tropic
tropic
[noun]

each of the two parallel and imaginary lines around the earth that is 23°26ʹ south or north of the equator

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tropical
tropical
[Adjective]

associated with or characteristic of the tropics, regions of the Earth near the equator known for their warm climate and lush vegetation

Ex: The tropical sun provides abundant warmth and energy for photosynthesis in plants .
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horizon
horizon
[noun]

the line where the sky and earth seem to come in contact with each other

Ex: The sunset painted the horizon with hues of pink and orange .
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equator
equator
[noun]

a hypothetical line around the Earth that divides it into Northern and Southern hemispheres

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peninsula
peninsula
[noun]

a large body of land that is partially surrounded by water but is attached to a larger area of land

Ex: The Arabian Peninsula is a vast desert region rich in oil and cultural history, bordered by several bodies of water, including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
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highland
highland
[noun]

land with mountains or hills

Ex: Highlands are often characterized by their cooler climates and unique flora and fauna adapted to higher elevations.
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inland
inland
[Adjective]

located away from the coast

Ex: The inland plains are ideal for agriculture due to fertile soil .
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hilly
hilly
[Adjective]

having many hills

Ex: The hilly roads can be dangerous during the rainy season .
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terrain
terrain
[noun]

an area of land, particularly in reference to its physical or natural features

Ex: Farmers adapted their cultivation techniques to suit the varying terrain of their land , employing terracing on slopes and irrigation systems in low-lying areas to optimize agricultural productivity .
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slope
slope
[noun]

a raised landform, hill, or incline

Ex: A landslide occurred on the unstable slope.
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pole
pole
[noun]

the most northern or most southern points of the earth that are joined by its axis of rotation

Ex: The magnetic poles are not aligned exactly with the geographic poles and can shift due to changes in the Earth 's magnetic field .
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ravine
ravine
[noun]

a deep narrow valley with steep sides, usually worn by a stream

Ex: Geologists study the formation of ravines to understand how water shapes the Earth 's surface over millennia .
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branch
branch
[noun]

a smaller part of a river that is separated from the main and larger part

Ex: The bridge spanned the branch of the river , providing a scenic view of the surrounding landscape .
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current
current
[noun]

the flow or movement of water or a liquid in a specific direction

Ex: The warm ocean current influences the coastal climate, making winters milder.
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tide
tide
[noun]

the rise and fall of the sea level, which happens regularly, as a result of the attraction of the sun and moon

Ex: Tidal energy , generated from the movement of the tide, is a renewable source of power in some coastal regions .
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gulf
gulf
[noun]

an area of sea that is partly surrounded by land, with a narrow opening

Ex: The boat was anchored in a quiet gulf.
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coastal
coastal
[Adjective]

related to or situated along the coast, the area where land meets the sea

Ex: Coastal communities often rely on fishing and tourism for economic livelihood .
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crater
crater
[noun]

the round top of a volcano

Ex: The volcanic crater was filled with lava that glowed orange at night.
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lava
lava
[noun]

a substance from the inner layers of the earth which is erupted out of a volcanic mountain

Ex: Scientists study lava samples to understand the composition of the Earth 's interior .
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iceberg
iceberg
[noun]

a very large floating piece of ice

Ex: The expedition team carefully navigated their ship around the towering iceberg.
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glacier
glacier
[noun]

a large mass of ice that forms over long periods of time, especially in polar regions or high mountains

Ex: The farm uses renewable energy to power its operations.
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canyon
canyon
[noun]

a valley that is deep and has very steep sides, through which a river is flowing usually

Ex: They set up camp near the bottom of the canyon.
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reef
reef
[noun]

a ridge of rock or a line of sand near the surface of a body of water

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coral reef

a natural underwater structure formed by coral

Ex: Coral reefs are often called the rainforests of the sea .
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pond
pond
[noun]

an area containing still water that is comparatively smaller than a lake, particularly one that is made artificially

Ex: In winter , the pond froze over , allowing people to enjoy ice skating and other activities on its surface .
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marine
marine
[Adjective]

related to the sea and the different life forms that exist there

Ex: Marine biology focuses on studying the organisms and environments of the ocean .
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peak
peak
[noun]

the pointed top of a mountain

Ex: The mountain 's peak was often shrouded in clouds , giving it a mysterious appearance .
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