Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL - Geography

Here you will learn some English words about geography, such as "tropic", "hilly", "slope", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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geology [noun]

a field of science that studies the structure of the earth and its history

Ex: Studying geology reveals the history of our planet , from the formation of continents to the evolution of life .

hemisphere [noun]

one of the two halves of the Earth, separated by the equator or a meridian

Ex: The equator divides the Earth into two hemispheres .

altitude [noun]

the distance between an object or point and sea level

Ex: Climbers experienced difficulties adjusting to the high altitude during their ascent .

latitude [noun]

an imaginary horizontal circle around the Earth parallel to the equator, used to measure north-south position

Ex:

continental [adjective]

relating to or characteristic of any continent

longitude [noun]

the distance of a point east or west of the meridian at Greenwich that is measured in degrees

Ex: Mariners use longitude to navigate across the oceans using celestial navigation .

tropic [noun]

each of the two parallel and imaginary lines around the earth that is 23°26ʹ south or north of the equator

tropical [adjective]

associated with or characteristic of the tropics, regions of the Earth near the equator known for their warm climate and lush vegetation

Ex: She enjoyed vacationing in tropical destinations with sandy beaches and clear blue waters .

horizon [noun]

the line where the sky and earth seem to come in contact with each other

Ex: Sailors navigated by the stars on the open sea , using the horizon as a reference .

equator [noun]

a hypothetical line around the Earth that divides it into Northern and Southern hemispheres

peninsula [noun]

a large body of land that is partially surrounded by water but is attached to a larger area of land

Ex: The children explored the rocky shores and lush forests of the remote peninsula during their summer vacation .

highland [noun]

land with mountains or hills

Ex:

inland [adjective]

located away from the coast

Ex: She prefers the tranquil atmosphere of inland lakes for fishing .

hilly [adjective]

having many hills

Ex: The hilly terrain made the bike ride more challenging .

terrain [noun]

an area of land, particularly in reference to its physical or natural features

Ex: Urban planners took into account the natural terrain features when designing the city 's infrastructure , incorporating green spaces and waterways into their plans .

slope [noun]

a raised landform, hill, or incline

Ex: Farmers planted crops along the slope to prevent erosion .

pole [noun]

the most northern or most southern points of the earth that are joined by its axis of rotation

Ex: Due to the tilt of the Earth 's axis , the poles experience six months of daylight followed by six months of darkness each year .

ravine [noun]

a deep narrow valley with steep sides, usually worn by a stream

Ex: The hikers descended cautiously into the ravine , navigating the rocky terrain and overhanging vegetation .

branch [noun]

a smaller part of a river that is separated from the main and larger part

Ex: During the flood , the branch of the river swelled , inundating the surrounding fields .

current [noun]

the flow or movement of water or a liquid in a specific direction

Ex: Fish often migrate by riding the steady current of the stream .

tide [noun]

the rise and fall of the sea level, which happens regularly, as a result of the attraction of the sun and moon

Ex:

gulf [noun]

an area of sea that is partly surrounded by land, with a narrow opening

Ex: They sailed across the gulf between the two islands .

coastal [adjective]

related to or situated along the coast, the area where land meets the sea

Ex: The coastal region is home to diverse marine life , including fish , dolphins , and seabirds .

crater [noun]

the round top of a volcano

Ex: The impact crater in Arizona is a famous geological site attracting visitors worldwide .

lava [noun]

a substance from the inner layers of the earth which is erupted out of a volcanic mountain

Ex: Tourists watched in awe as lava fountains erupted from the crater .

iceberg [noun]

a very large floating piece of ice

Ex: Iceberg lettuce is named for its crisp , watery texture reminiscent of iceberg formations .

glacier [noun]

a large mass of ice that forms over long periods of time, especially in polar regions or high mountains

Ex: Mountaineers face numerous challenges when attempting to traverse icy crevasses on glaciers .

canyon [noun]

a valley that is deep and has very steep sides, through which a river is flowing usually

Ex: The canyon walls were covered in colorful rock formations .

reef [noun]

a ridge of rock or a line of sand near the surface of a body of water

coral reef [noun]

a natural underwater structure formed by coral

Ex: The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world .

pond [noun]

an area containing still water that is comparatively smaller than a lake, particularly one that is made artificially

Ex: Children delighted in feeding the fish that inhabited the clear waters of the small pond in the park .

marine [adjective]

related to the sea and the different life forms that exist there

Ex: Marine conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species and preserve marine habitats .

peak [noun]

the pointed top of a mountain

Ex: From the peak , they could see for miles in every direction .

Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL
Family and Relationships	Stages of Life	Personal Characteristics	Feelings and Emotions
Appearance	Clothing and Fashion	Colors and Shapes	Education
Employment	Language and Grammar	The Human Body	Communication
Travel and Tourism	Transportation	Means of Transportation	The Computer World
Society and Social Issues	Healthcare and Medicine	Medical Examinations and Procedures	Physical Conditions and Injuries
Mental Disorders	Physical Disabilities and Illnesses	Geography	Space
The Environment and Weather	The Animal Kingdom	The Art World	Cinema and Theater
Music	Literature	Broadcasting and Journalism	Food and Restaurant
Diet	Agriculture and Plants	Point of View	Cause and Effect
Certainty and Doubt	Suggestions and Rules	Pride and Prejudice	Houses and Buildings
Hobbies and Games	Shopping	The Economy	The Business World
Success and Failure	Politics	Law and Order	Crime and Punishment
War and Peace	Religion	Biology, Physics, and Chemistry	Mathematics and Measurement
Engineering and Research	Athletics	Time and History