واژگان ضروری برای TOEFL - Geography

a field of science that studies the structure of the earth and its history

زمین‌شناسی

one half of the earth divided by the equator

نیمکره

the distance between an object or point and sea level

ارتفاع (جغرافیا)

the distance of a point north or south of the equator that is measured in degrees

عرض جغرافیایی

relating to or characteristic of any continent

قاره‌ای

the distance of a point east or west of the meridian at Greenwich that is measured in degrees

طول جغرافیایی

each of the two parallel and imaginary lines around the earth that is 23°26ʹ south or north of the equator

مدار (رأس‌السرطان یا رأس‌الجدی)

associated with or characteristic of the tropics, regions of the Earth near the equator known for their warm climate and lush vegetation

استوایی, گرمسیری

the line where the sky and earth seem to come in contact with each other

افق

a hypothetical line around the Earth that divides it into Northern and Southern hemispheres

خط استوا

a large body of land that is partially surrounded by water but is attached to a larger area of land

شبه‌جزیره

land with mountains or hills

کوهسار, تپه‌سار

located away from the coast

دور از دریا, مرکزی، در مرکز کشور

having many hills

ناهموار, پر از پستی‌وبلندی

an area of land, particularly in reference to its physical or natural features

ناهمواری, زمین

a stretch of land forming part of a hill or mountain

شیب کوه یا تپه

the most northern or most southern points of the earth that are joined by its axis of rotation

قطب

a deep narrow valley with steep sides, usually worn by a stream

دره تنگ و عمیق, آبکند

a smaller part of a river that is separated from the main and larger part

ریزابه, شاخه

the flow or movement of water or a liquid in a specific direction

جریان (آب)

the rise and fall of the sea level, which happens regularly, as a result of the attraction of the sun and moon

جزر و مد

an area of sea that is partly surrounded by land, with a narrow opening

خلیج

related to or situated along the coast, the area where land meets the sea

ساحلی

the round top of a volcano

دهانه آتشفشان

a substance from the inner layers of the earth which is erupted out of a volcanic mountain

گدازه آتش‌فشانی, لاوا

a very large floating piece of ice

کوه یخ (شناور در آب)

a large mass of ice that forms over long periods of time, especially in polar regions or high mountains

یخچال طبیعی

a valley that is deep and has very steep sides, through which a river is flowing usually

ژرف‌دره

a ridge of rock or a line of sand near the surface of a body of water

صخره (مرجانی و...), تپه (دریایی)، آب‌سنگ

a natural underwater structure formed by coral

صخره مرجانی

an area containing still water that is comparatively smaller than a lake, particularly one that is made artificially

آبگیر, برکه

related to the sea and the different life forms that exist there

دریایی

the pointed top of a mountain

قله, نوک