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Słownictwo do IELTS Academic (Wynik 5) - Biologia

Tutaj nauczysz się niektórych angielskich słów związanych z biologią, które są niezbędne do podstawowego akademickiego egzaminu IELTS.

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Vocabulary for IELTS Academic (Band 5)
cell
cell
[Rzeczownik]

an organism's smallest unit, capable of functioning on its own

komórka

komórka

Ex: Cells are the building blocks of life, with each one containing a complex system of organelles and molecules. 
organism
organism
[Rzeczownik]

an individual living thing, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium

organizm,  istota żywa

organizm, istota żywa

Ex: Some organisms can survive in extremely cold environments. 
DNA
DNA
[Rzeczownik]

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the genetic information, which is present in every cell and some viruses

DNA, kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy

DNA, kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy

Ex: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. 
RNA
RNA
[Rzeczownik]

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis

RNA, kwas rybonukleinowy

RNA, kwas rybonukleinowy

Ex: Ribosomal RNA helps assemble amino acids into proteins. 

Rybosomalny RNA pomaga w składaniu aminokwasów w białka.

gene
gene
[Rzeczownik]

(genetics) a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is located on a chromosome in a cell and controls a particular quality

gen, jednostka genetyczna

gen, jednostka genetyczna

Ex: The gene responsible for eye color is inherited from both parents. 
protein
protein
[Rzeczownik]

a complex biological molecule made up of amino acids that performs crucial functions in living organisms

białko, proteina

białko, proteina

Ex: Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, transports oxygen. 
evolution
evolution
[Rzeczownik]

the process by which populations of living organisms change genetically across successive generations

Ex: The evolution of whales from land-dwelling ancestors took millions of years. 
virus
virus
[Rzeczownik]

an infectious agent that reproduces only inside living cells and can cause disease

Ex: The plant's leaves turned yellow after it was infected with a virus. 
bacteria
bacteria
[Rzeczownik]

(microbiology) single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and living organisms, and can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral

bakterie

bakterie

Ex: The scientist studied the bacteria under a microscope to identify their characteristics. 

Naukowiec badał bakterie pod mikroskopem, aby zidentyfikować ich charakterystyki.

fungus
fungus
[Rzeczownik]

a plant-like organism that often grows on organic matter and has no flowers or leaves, such as moulds and mushrooms

grzyb, pleśń

grzyb, pleśń

Ex: The gardener noticed a white fungus growing on the leaves of his plants and took steps to remove it. 

Ogrodnik zauważył białą grzybnię rosnącą na liściach swoich roślin i podjął kroki w celu jej usunięcia.

antibody
antibody
[Rzeczownik]

a protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and helps neutralize harmful substances such as bacteria and viruses

przeciwciało,  immunoglobulina

przeciwciało, immunoglobulina

Ex: The researchers measured antibody levels in the participants' blood. 
hormone
hormone
[Rzeczownik]

a chemical substance produced in the body of living things influencing growth and affecting the functionality of cells or tissues

hormon, substancja hormonalna

hormon, substancja hormonalna

Ex: Plant hormones like auxin direct stem growth toward light. 

Hormony roślinne, takie jak auksyna, kierują wzrost łodygi w stronę światła.

nucleus
nucleus
[Rzeczownik]

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

jądro, nukleus

jądro, nukleus

Ex: The nucleus plays a crucial role in cell division, as it coordinates the replication and distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. 
neuron
neuron
[Rzeczownik]

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

neuron, komórka nerwowa

neuron, komórka nerwowa

Ex: The reflex arc involves a direct signal from sensory to motor neurons. 

Łuk odruchowy obejmuje bezpośredni sygnał z neuronów czuciowych do neuronów ruchowych.

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