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Podstawowe Słownictwo do TOEFL - Biologia, Fizyka i Chemia

Tutaj nauczysz się niektórych angielskich słów z zakresu biologii, fizyki i chemii, takich jak "organizm", "materia", "pierwiastek" itp., które są potrzebne do egzaminu TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
biology
biology
[Rzeczownik]

the scientific study of living organisms; the science that studies living organisms

biologia, nauka o życiu

biologia, nauka o życiu

Ex: She developed a keen interest in biology and decided to pursue a career in medicine. 
reproduction
reproduction
[Rzeczownik]

the biological process by which organisms produce new individuals, either sexually through gamete fusion or asexually by mechanisms such as budding, fission, or spore formation

rozmnażanie, reprodukcja

rozmnażanie, reprodukcja

Ex: Scientists study the reproductive cycles of coral to plan reef restoration projects that rely on timed spawning events. 
metabolism
metabolism
[Rzeczownik]

the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use

metabolizm, przemiana materii

metabolizm, przemiana materii

Ex: Metabolism involves various biochemical reactions that convert nutrients from food into energy. 
organism
organism
[Rzeczownik]

a living thing such as a plant, animal, etc., especially a very small one that lives on its own

organizm, istota żywa

organizm, istota żywa

Ex: The pond ecosystem is home to a variety of organisms, including fish, algae, and bacteria. 
life cycle
life cycle
[Rzeczownik]

all the different stages of grow and development of a living organism

cykl życia, cykl biologiczny

cykl życia, cykl biologiczny

Ex: The life cycle of a butterfly includes four main stages. 
molecule
molecule
[Rzeczownik]

the smallest structure of a substance consisting of a group of atoms

cząsteczka

cząsteczka

Ex: Molecules are made up of two or more atoms bonded together. 
molecular
molecular
[przymiotnik]

consisting of or relating to molecules, which are groups of atoms bonded together

cząsteczkowy, odnoszący się do cząsteczek

cząsteczkowy, odnoszący się do cząsteczek

Ex: Molecular bonding determines the arrangement of atoms in a compound. 
matter
matter
[Rzeczownik]

a physical substance that occupies space and exists in every material in the universe

materia, substancja

materia, substancja

Ex: All objects, whether solid, liquid, or gas, are made of matter. 
chemistry
chemistry
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of science that is concerned with studying the structure of substances and the way that they change or combine with each other

chemia, nauka o substancjach

chemia, nauka o substancjach

Ex: She found the chemistry lesson on chemical reactions absolutely fascinating. 
element
element
[Rzeczownik]

a substance that is composed of only one type of atom, typically characterized by specific physical and chemical properties

pierwiastek, składnik

pierwiastek, składnik

Ex: Oxygen is an essential element for human respiration. 
evolution
evolution
[Rzeczownik]

(biology) the slow and gradual development of living things throughout the history of the earth

ewolucja

ewolucja

Ex: Evolution is the process by which species change over time in response to environmental pressures. 
property
property
[Rzeczownik]

a feature or quality of something

właściwość, cecha

właściwość, cecha

Ex: The most desirable property of the new smartphone is its long-lasting battery life. 
photosynthesis
photosynthesis
[Rzeczownik]

a process in green plants during which the plant synthesizes using water and carbon dioxide

fotosynteza

fotosynteza

Ex: Photosynthesis in leaves produces the oxygen we breathe. 
DNA
DNA
[Rzeczownik]

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the genetic information, which is present in every cell and some viruses

DNA, kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy

DNA, kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy

Ex: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. 
gene
gene
[Rzeczownik]

(genetics) a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is located on a chromosome in a cell and controls a particular quality

gen, jednostka genetyczna

gen, jednostka genetyczna

Ex: The gene responsible for eye color is inherited from both parents. 
to react
to react
[Czasownik]

(physics) to be subject to physical or chemical change

reagować, oddziaływać

reagować, oddziaływać

Ex: When sodium reacts with water, it produces sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas as byproducts. 
fiber
fiber
[Rzeczownik]

any strand of muscle or nervous tissues

włókno, włókno mięśniowe

włókno, włókno mięśniowe

Ex: The microscopic examination revealed damaged muscle fibers in the injured athlete's thigh. 
particle
particle
[Rzeczownik]

(physics) any of the smallest units that energy or matter consists of, such as electrons, atoms, molecules, etc.

cząstka

cząstka

Ex: Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge. 
compound
compound
[Rzeczownik]

(chemistry) a substance that its molecules consist of two or more elements that are held together by a chemical bond

związek, mieszanina

związek, mieszanina

Ex: Water is a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. 
bond
bond
[Rzeczownik]

a link that holds atoms or ions together in any molecule or crystal

wiązanie, połączenie

wiązanie, połączenie

Ex: The covalent bond between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms forms a water molecule. 
atomic
atomic
[przymiotnik]

related to atoms, the smallest units of matter, including their structure, properties, and interactions

atomowy

atomowy

Ex: The atomic structure of an element includes its nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. 
nerve
nerve
[Rzeczownik]

each of a group of long thread-like structures in the body that carry messages between the brain and other parts of the body, sensing things is a result of this process

nerw, włókno nerwowe

nerw, włókno nerwowe

parasite
parasite
[Rzeczownik]

(biology) a small organism that lives on or inside another organism, called a host, and is dependent on it for nutrition and growth

pasożyt, organizm pasożytniczy

pasożyt, organizm pasożytniczy

Ex: The mosquito is a well-known parasite that feeds on the blood of its host, often transmitting diseases in the process. 
instinct
instinct
[Rzeczownik]

a natural reaction or behavior that occurs automatically, without conscious thought or reasoning

instynkt, popęd

instynkt, popęd

Ex: The mother bird followed her instinct to build a nest and protect her eggs. 
acid
acid
[Rzeczownik]

a water-soluble chemical substance that contains Hydrogen and has a sour taste or corrosive feature with a PH less than 7

kwas, substancja kwasowa

kwas, substancja kwasowa

Ex: The lemon juice contains citric acid, which gives it a sour taste and a pH of around 2. 
electron
electron
[Rzeczownik]

a small particle in an atom with negative charge

elektron, mała cząstka w atomie o ujemnym ładunku

elektron, mała cząstka w atomie o ujemnym ładunku

Ex: Electrons flow through wires to create electric current. 
vapor
vapor
[Rzeczownik]

extremely small drops of liquid in the air, resulted from the heating of the liquid

para,  mgła

para, mgła

Ex: The morning mist rose from the lake, forming a delicate vapor that shrouded the landscape. 
glucose
glucose
[Rzeczownik]

a basic kind of sugar that is a component of carbohydrates and provides energy for many living organisms

glukoza

glukoza

carbon
carbon
[Rzeczownik]

a nonmetal element that can be found in all organic compounds and living things

węgiel, węgiel drzewny

węgiel, węgiel drzewny

Ex: Graphite, used in pencils, is another allotrope of carbon. 
calcium
calcium
[Rzeczownik]

a soft silver-white metal that is an important element in bones and teeth

wapń

wapń

nitrogen
nitrogen
[Rzeczownik]

one the most common elements in Earth's atmosphere

azot

azot

to dissolve
to dissolve
[Czasownik]

(of a solid) to become one with a liquid

rozpuszczać, rozpuszczać się

rozpuszczać, rozpuszczać się

Ex: Sugar dissolves quickly in hot tea. 
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