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Linguística - Morfologia e Lexicologia

Aqui você aprenderá algumas palavras em inglês relacionadas à morfologia e lexicologia como "afixo", "tema" e "lexema".

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Words Related to Linguistics
abbreviation
[substantivo]

the shortened form of a word, etc.

abreviação, sigla

abreviação, sigla

Ex: When writing a report , be sure to define any abbreviations the first time you use them .Ao escrever um relatório, certifique-se de definir qualquer **abreviação** na primeira vez que a usar.
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affixation
[substantivo]

a process in morphology where affixes, which are bound morphemes, are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify the meaning or grammatical function of existing words

afixação, processo de afixação

afixação, processo de afixação

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affix
[substantivo]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

afixo, sufixo/prefixo

afixo, sufixo/prefixo

Ex: In linguistics , affixes play a crucial role in word formation and derivation .Na linguística, os **afixos** desempenham um papel crucial na formação e derivação de palavras.
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contraction
[substantivo]

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

contração, forma contraída

contração, forma contraída

Ex: Contractions are often used in informal writing and speech .As **contrações** são frequentemente usadas na escrita e na fala informais.
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prefix
[substantivo]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

prefixo

prefixo

Ex: The dictionary provided a list of prefixes and their meanings to help with word formation and understanding .O dicionário forneceu uma lista de **prefixos** e seus significados para ajudar na formação e compreensão de palavras.
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ending
[substantivo]

the last part of a word, added to the main part

terminação, desinência

terminação, desinência

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suffix
[substantivo]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

sufixo, terminação

sufixo, terminação

Ex: Students practiced adding different suffixes to root words to see how their meanings changed .Os alunos praticaram a adição de diferentes **sufixos** às palavras raiz para ver como seus significados mudaram.
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acronym
[substantivo]

a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word

acrônimo, sigla

acrônimo, sigla

Ex: The company name was created as an acronym from its founders ' initials .O nome da empresa foi criado como um **acrônimo** a partir das iniciais de seus fundadores.
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blending
[substantivo]

a process in language where two or more words are combined to create a new word that retains elements or sounds from the original words

mistura, fusão

mistura, fusão

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numeronym
[substantivo]

a type of abbreviation in which a word or phrase is represented by a series of numbers, with the numbers typically corresponding to the number of letters omitted between the first and last letter of the word or phrase

numerônimo, abreviação numérica

numerônimo, abreviação numérica

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bound morpheme
[substantivo]

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word and must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning

morfema ligado, morfema dependente

morfema ligado, morfema dependente

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circumfix
[substantivo]

a type of affix that consists of two parts, one attached to the beginning of a word and the other attached to the end

circunfixo, afixo circunfixo

circunfixo, afixo circunfixo

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transfixation
[substantivo]

a morphological process in which a segment or a group of segments is inserted within a word, typically resulting in a change of the word's meaning or grammatical category

transfixação, inserção morfológica

transfixação, inserção morfológica

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analogy
[substantivo]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analogia, paralelismo

analogia, paralelismo

Ex: The study of analogy shows how language adapts to the needs of its speakers .O estudo da **analogia** mostra como a linguagem se adapta às necessidades de seus falantes.
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coinage
[substantivo]

the process of inventing a word

neologia, criação de palavras

neologia, criação de palavras

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stem
[substantivo]

the core or base form of a word to which affixes, such as prefixes, suffixes, infixes, etc. can be attached

raiz, base

raiz, base

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root
[substantivo]

the core lexical unit from which words are derived and carries the central meaning of a word

raiz, base

raiz, base

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free morpheme
[substantivo]

a morpheme that can function as an independent word in a language

morfema livre, lexema independente

morfema livre, lexema independente

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infix
[substantivo]

a type of bound morpheme that is inserted within a word

infixo, morfema ligado inserido

infixo, morfema ligado inserido

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clitic
[substantivo]

a linguistic element that functions as a word but behaves phonologically or syntactically as a bound morpheme, often attaching to other words and lacking independent stress or full syntactic independence

clítico, elemento clítico

clítico, elemento clítico

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word formation
[substantivo]

the process of creating new words or modifying existing ones through morphological and lexical mechanisms in a language

formação de palavras, derivação lexical

formação de palavras, derivação lexical

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lexeme
[substantivo]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

lexema, unidade linguística básica

lexema, unidade linguística básica

Ex: Analyzing lexemes helps in identifying patterns of word formation and usage across different linguistic contexts .Analisar os **lexemas** ajuda a identificar padrões de formação e uso de palavras em diferentes contextos linguísticos.
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derivation
[substantivo]

a morphological process in language where new words are formed by adding affixes or making internal modifications to a base or root word, resulting in a change in meaning, part of speech, or both

derivação, formação de palavras

derivação, formação de palavras

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inflection
[substantivo]

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

flexão, desinência

flexão, desinência

Ex: Understanding inflection is essential for mastering highly inflected languages like Finnish .Entender a **flexão** é essencial para dominar línguas altamente flexionadas como o finlandês.
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back-formation
[substantivo]

a word-formation process in which a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly perceived as a derivative affix from an existing word, often resulting in a shorter word with a different part of speech

retroformação, derivação regressiva

retroformação, derivação regressiva

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compounding
[substantivo]

a word-formation process in which two or more individual words are combined to create a new word, typically resulting in a compound with a meaning that is related to or derived from the meanings of the individual words

composição, formação de palavras compostas

composição, formação de palavras compostas

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conversion
[substantivo]

a word-formation process in which a word changes its grammatical category or part of speech without any accompanying morphological changes, such as when a noun becomes a verb or a verb becomes a noun

conversão, derivação imprópria

conversão, derivação imprópria

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paradigm
[substantivo]

a systematic arrangement of inflected forms or word forms that represent the different grammatical variations of a word or morpheme

paradigma, modelo

paradigma, modelo

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lexicon
[substantivo]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

léxico, vocabulário

léxico, vocabulário

Ex: Building a diverse lexicon through reading and exposure to different contexts enriches one 's language skills and communication abilities .Construir um **léxico** diversificado através da leitura e da exposição a diferentes contextos enriquece as habilidades linguísticas e as capacidades de comunicação de uma pessoa.
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clipping
[substantivo]

the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables

encurtamento, truncamento

encurtamento, truncamento

Ex: The process of clipping often retains the original word's meaning and can occur in various parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives.O processo de **clipping** frequentemente retém o significado original da palavra e pode ocorrer em várias partes do discurso, como substantivos, verbos e adjetivos.
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hypocorism
[substantivo]

a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy

hipocorístico, diminutivo carinhoso

hipocorístico, diminutivo carinhoso

Ex: The formation of hypocorisms can involve various linguistic processes such as clipping , adding diminutive suffixes , or phonetic modification .A formação de **hipocorísticos** pode envolver vários processos linguísticos, como recorte, adição de sufixos diminutivos ou modificação fonética.
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morphemization
[substantivo]

the process of creating or treating a group of phonological segments as a distinct morpheme, which carries meaning and can be combined with other morphemes to form words

morfemização, processo de morfemização

morfemização, processo de morfemização

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agglutination
[substantivo]

a linguistic process where affixes attach to a root word, each keeping a distinct meaning and form

aglutinação, processo de aglutinação

aglutinação, processo de aglutinação

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lexical morpheme
[substantivo]

a type of morpheme that carries the core lexical or semantic meaning of a word

morfema lexical, lexema

morfema lexical, lexema

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vocabulary
[substantivo]

all the words used in a particular language or subject

vocabulário, léxico

vocabulário, léxico

Ex: She uses a vocabulary app on her phone to learn new English words.Ela usa um aplicativo de **vocabulário** no telefone para aprender novas palavras em inglês.
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derivative
[substantivo]

(in linguistics) a word that is developed from another word or base

derivado, palavra derivada

derivado, palavra derivada

Ex: Linguists analyze how derivatives evolve over time .Os linguistas analisam como os **derivados** evoluem ao longo do tempo.
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base
[substantivo]

(linguistics) the form to which affixes or other morphological operations are added to create a new word

base, raiz

base, raiz

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nominalization
[substantivo]

a process in language where a word or phrase, typically a verb or an adjective, is transformed into a noun, either by adding a suffix or by changing its syntactic function, allowing the expression of concepts or actions as nominal entities

nominalização, substantivação

nominalização, substantivação

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lexicalization
[substantivo]

a process in which a word or phrase evolves from being a combination of grammatical elements or a non-lexicalized expression to becoming an established lexical unit with its own meaning and usage

lexicalização, processo de lexicalização

lexicalização, processo de lexicalização

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diminutive
[substantivo]

a word form or affix that is added to a base word to express smallness, endearment, or a sense of familiarity

diminutivo, palavra carinhosa

diminutivo, palavra carinhosa

Ex: "Teacup" is a diminutive form of "cup," indicating a smaller version.« **Teacup** » é uma forma **diminutiva** de « cup », indicando uma versão menor.
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protologism
[substantivo]

a newly created word or expression that has not yet gained widespread acceptance or recognition within a language community

protologismo, neologismo nascente

protologismo, neologismo nascente

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ghost word
[substantivo]

a non-existent or erroneous word that has been mistakenly created and entered into a dictionary or other linguistic sources

palavra fantasma, palavra errônea

palavra fantasma, palavra errônea

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pseudoword
[substantivo]

a string of letters or sounds that resemble real words but do not have any actual meaning or lexical representation in a particular language

pseudopalavra, palavra fictícia

pseudopalavra, palavra fictícia

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nonce word
[substantivo]

a term or expression created and used for a specific occasion or context, typically with a limited or one-time purpose, and not intended for long-term or widespread usage

palavra ocasional, neologismo efêmero

palavra ocasional, neologismo efêmero

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hapax legomenon
[substantivo]

a word or form that appears only once within a specific corpus or body of text

hapax legomenon, palavra ou forma única

hapax legomenon, palavra ou forma única

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morph
[substantivo]

the smallest segment of a word's sound or written form that can be directly linked to a specific grammatical or lexical meaning

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morpheme
[substantivo]

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morfema, unidade mínima de significado

morfema, unidade mínima de significado

Ex: The study of morphemes, known as morphology , examines how these units combine to create complex words .O estudo dos **morfemas**, conhecido como morfologia, examina como essas unidades se combinam para criar palavras complexas.
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functional morpheme
[substantivo]

a type of morpheme that conveys grammatical information and serves a functional role in a sentence, rather than carrying lexical or content-related meaning

morfema funcional, morfema gramatical

morfema funcional, morfema gramatical

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lexical unit
[substantivo]

(linguistics) a word, a group of words or a part of word that has a meaning and forms the basic element of any language

unidade lexical, elemento lexical

unidade lexical, elemento lexical

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portmanteau word
[substantivo]

a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds

palavra-valise, palavra portmanteau

palavra-valise, palavra portmanteau

Ex: The creation of portmanteau words can be playful and creative , as seen in " chillax , " a combination of " chill " and " relax . "A criação de **palavras-valise** pode ser lúdica e criativa, como visto em "chillax", uma combinação de "chill" e "relax".
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lexis
[substantivo]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

léxico, vocabulário

léxico, vocabulário

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word
[substantivo]

(grammar) a unit of language that has a specific meaning

palavra, vocábulo

palavra, vocábulo

Ex: Understanding every word in a sentence helps with comprehension .Entender cada **palavra** em uma frase ajuda na compreensão.
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collocation
[substantivo]

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

colocação, combinação de palavras

colocação, combinação de palavras

Ex: The teacher explained the meaning of each collocation.O professor explicou o significado de cada **colocação**.
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idiom
[substantivo]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

expressão idiomática, idiomatismo

expressão idiomática, idiomatismo

Ex: The idiom ' piece of cake ' refers to something that is very easy to do , which has nothing to do with an actual piece of dessert .O **idioma** 'piece of cake' refere-se a algo que é muito fácil de fazer, que não tem nada a ver com um pedaço real de sobremesa.
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lexical ambiguity
[substantivo]

a situation in which a word or phrase has multiple meanings or interpretations, often leading to confusion or uncertainty in understanding the intended message or context

ambiguidade lexical, polisemia

ambiguidade lexical, polisemia

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reduplication
[substantivo]

the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function

reduplicação, duplicação

reduplicação, duplicação

Ex: Reduplication can serve various functions across languages , including emphasis , diminishment , or the creation of onomatopoeic expressions .A **reduplicação** pode servir a várias funções nas línguas, incluindo ênfase, diminuição ou a criação de expressões onomatopeicas.
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blocking
[substantivo]

a phenomenon where the presence of one linguistic form prevents the occurrence or acceptance of another form with a similar meaning or function

bloqueio, obstrução

bloqueio, obstrução

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lexical rule
[substantivo]

a set of principles or patterns that govern the formation or derivation of words and their meanings within a particular language or lexical system

regra lexical, princípio lexical

regra lexical, princípio lexical

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sniglet
[substantivo]

a playful, made-up word used to describe something for which there is no existing term, often adding humor and creativity to language

sniglet, palavra inventada lúdica

sniglet, palavra inventada lúdica

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the process in which a new word or morpheme is created by combining a sound component that resembles an existing word with a semantic component that reflects its meaning

correspondência fono-semântica, combinação fono-semântica

correspondência fono-semântica, combinação fono-semântica

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