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Linguistique - Morphologie et Lexicologie

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais liés à la morphologie et à la lexicologie tels que "affixe", "radical" et "lexème".

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Words Related to Linguistics
abbreviation

the shortened form of a word, etc.

abréviation

abréviation

Ex: In formal writing, it is important to spell out the term before using its abbreviation. 

Dans l'écriture formelle, il est important d'épeler le terme avant d'utiliser son abréviation.

affixation

a process in morphology where affixes, which are bound morphemes, are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify the meaning or grammatical function of existing words

affixation, processus d'affixation

affixation, processus d'affixation

affix
affix
[nom]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

affix

affix

Ex: The affix "un-" changes the meaning of adjectives to their opposites. 

L'affixe "un-" change le sens des adjectifs en leurs opposés.

contraction

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

contraction

contraction

Ex: When writing informally, contractions make the language feel more relaxed. 

Lorsqu'on écrit de manière informelle, les contractions rendent le langage plus détendu.

prefix
prefix
[nom]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

préfixe

préfixe

Ex: In the vocabulary lesson, they focused on how prefixes can alter the meanings of root words. 

Dans la leçon de vocabulaire, ils se sont concentrés sur la façon dont les préfixes peuvent modifier les significations des mots racines.

ending
ending
[nom]

the last part of a word, added to the main part

terminaison

terminaison

suffix
suffix
[nom]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

suffixe

suffixe

Ex: Understanding how suffixes modify words is essential for expanding vocabulary and improving writing skills. 

Comprendre comment les suffixes modifient les mots est essentiel pour enrichir le vocabulaire et améliorer les compétences en écriture.

acronym
acronym
[nom]

a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word

acronyme, sigle

acronyme, sigle

Ex: The teacher explained that scuba is an acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. 

L'enseignant a expliqué que scuba est un acronyme pour self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.

blending

a process in language where two or more words are combined to create a new word that retains elements or sounds from the original words

mélange, fusion

mélange, fusion

numeronym

a type of abbreviation in which a word or phrase is represented by a series of numbers, with the numbers typically corresponding to the number of letters omitted between the first and last letter of the word or phrase

numéronyme, abréviation numérique

numéronyme, abréviation numérique

bound morpheme

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word and must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning

morphème lié, morphème dépendant

morphème lié, morphème dépendant

circumfix

a type of affix that consists of two parts, one attached to the beginning of a word and the other attached to the end

circonfixe, affixe circonfixe

circonfixe, affixe circonfixe

transfixation

a morphological process in which a segment or a group of segments is inserted within a word, typically resulting in a change of the word's meaning or grammatical category

transfixation, insertion morphologique

transfixation, insertion morphologique

analogy
analogy
[nom]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analogie

analogie

Ex: Using analogy, she created the word "brang" to describe a past action, following the pattern of "ring" and "rang." 

En utilisant une analogie, elle a créé le mot "brang" pour décrire une action passée, suivant le modèle de "ring" et "rang".

coinage
coinage
[nom]

the process of inventing a word

néologisme

néologisme

stem
stem
[nom]

(in linguistics) the base form of a word after removing affixes

radical, racine

radical, racine

Ex: Linguists analyze stems to understand word formation. 

Les linguistes analysent les radicaux pour comprendre la formation des mots.

root
root
[nom]

(in linguistics) the base form of a word, remaining after removing all prefixes and suffixes

radical, racine

radical, racine

Ex: Linguists study roots to understand word formation. 

Les linguistes étudient les racines pour comprendre la formation des mots.

free morpheme

a morpheme that can function as an independent word in a language

morphème libre, lexème indépendant

morphème libre, lexème indépendant

infix
infix
[nom]

a type of bound morpheme that is inserted within a word

infixe, morphème lié inséré

infixe, morphème lié inséré

clitic
clitic
[nom]

a linguistic element that functions as a word but behaves phonologically or syntactically as a bound morpheme, often attaching to other words and lacking independent stress or full syntactic independence

clitique, élément clitique

clitique, élément clitique

word formation

the process of creating new words or modifying existing ones through morphological and lexical mechanisms in a language

formation des mots, dérivation lexicale

formation des mots, dérivation lexicale

lexeme
lexeme
[nom]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

lexème

lexème

Ex: For example, the lexeme "run" includes the base form "run," as well as its inflections like "ran," "running," and "runs." 

Par exemple, le lexème "run" inclut la forme de base "run", ainsi que ses flexions comme "ran", "running" et "runs".

derivation

a morphological process in language where new words are formed by adding affixes or making internal modifications to a base or root word, resulting in a change in meaning, part of speech, or both

dérivation, formation dérivationnelle

dérivation, formation dérivationnelle

inflection

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

flexion, adjonction de désinence, déclinaison

flexion, adjonction de désinence, déclinaison

Ex: Latin relies heavily on inflection to convey grammatical relationships. 

Le latin repose fortement sur l'inflexion pour exprimer les relations grammaticales.

back-formation

a word-formation process in which a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly perceived as a derivative affix from an existing word, often resulting in a shorter word with a different part of speech

rétroformation, dérivation régressive

rétroformation, dérivation régressive

compounding

a word-formation process in which two or more individual words are combined to create a new word, typically resulting in a compound with a meaning that is related to or derived from the meanings of the individual words

composition, formation de mots composés

composition, formation de mots composés

conversion

a word-formation process in which a word changes its grammatical category or part of speech without any accompanying morphological changes, such as when a noun becomes a verb or a verb becomes a noun

conversion, dérivation impropre

conversion, dérivation impropre

paradigm

a structured set showing how a word changes to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, or case

paradigme, tableau de flexion

paradigme, tableau de flexion

Ex: Latin nouns follow specific paradigms to show case endings like puella, puellae, puellam, etc. 

Les noms latins suivent des paradigmes spécifiques pour montrer les désinences casuelles comme puella, puellae, puellam, etc.

lexicon
lexicon
[nom]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

annales, lexique

annales, lexique

Ex: Linguists analyze the lexicon of a language to understand its vocabulary and the relationships between words. 

Les linguistes analysent le lexique d'une langue pour comprendre son vocabulaire et les relations entre les mots.

clipping

the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables

troncation, abrègement

troncation, abrègement

Ex: Examples of clipping include "ad" from "advertisement," "lab" from "laboratory," and "bike" from "bicycle." 

Des exemples de troncation incluent "ad" pour "advertisement", "lab" pour "laboratory" et "bike" pour "bicycle".

hypocorism

a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy

hypocoristique, diminutif affectueux

hypocoristique, diminutif affectueux

Ex: Common examples of hypocorism include "Billy" for "William," "Katie" for "Katherine," and "Lizzie" for "Elizabeth." 

Des exemples courants d'hypocorisme incluent "Billy" pour "William", "Katie" pour "Katherine" et "Lizzie" pour "Elizabeth".

morphemization

the process of creating or treating a group of phonological segments as a distinct morpheme, which carries meaning and can be combined with other morphemes to form words

morphémisation, processus de morphémisation

morphémisation, processus de morphémisation

agglutination

a linguistic process where affixes attach to a root word, each keeping a distinct meaning and form

agglutination, processus d'agglutination

agglutination, processus d'agglutination

lexical morpheme

a type of morpheme that carries the core lexical or semantic meaning of a word

morphème lexical, lexème

morphème lexical, lexème

vocabulary

all the words used in a particular language or subject

vocabulaire

vocabulaire

Ex: Increasing your vocabulary is key to improving your English skills. 

Augmenter votre vocabulaire est la clé pour améliorer vos compétences en anglais.

derivative

(in linguistics) a word that is developed from another word or base

dérivé

dérivé

Ex: Many English words are derivatives of Latin terms. 

De nombreux mots anglais sont des dérivés de termes latins.

base
base
[nom]

(linguistics) the form to which affixes or other morphological operations are added to create a new word

base, radical

base, radical

Ex: The base "run" becomes "running" with the addition of "-ing." 

La base « run » devient « running » avec l'ajout de « -ing ».

nominalization

a process in language where a word or phrase, typically a verb or an adjective, is transformed into a noun, either by adding a suffix or by changing its syntactic function, allowing the expression of concepts or actions as nominal entities

nominalisation, substantivation

nominalisation, substantivation

lexicalization

a process in which a word or phrase evolves from being a combination of grammatical elements or a non-lexicalized expression to becoming an established lexical unit with its own meaning and usage

lexicalisation, processus de lexicalisation

lexicalisation, processus de lexicalisation

diminutive

a word form or affix that is added to a base word to express smallness, endearment, or a sense of familiarity

diminutif, petit mot

diminutif, petit mot

Ex: The suffix "-ette" in "kitchenette" is a diminutive that denotes a small kitchen area. 

Le suffixe "-ette" dans "kitchenette" est un diminutif qui désigne une petite zone de cuisine.

protologism

a newly created word or expression that has not yet gained widespread acceptance or recognition within a language community

protologisme, néologisme naissant

protologisme, néologisme naissant

ghost word

a non-existent or erroneous word that has been mistakenly created and entered into a dictionary or other linguistic sources

mot fantôme, faux mot

mot fantôme, faux mot

pseudoword

a string of letters or sounds that resemble real words but do not have any actual meaning or lexical representation in a particular language

pseudomot, mot fictif

pseudomot, mot fictif

nonce word

a term or expression created and used for a specific occasion or context, typically with a limited or one-time purpose, and not intended for long-term or widespread usage

mot occasionnel, néologisme éphémère

mot occasionnel, néologisme éphémère

hapax legomenon

a word or form that appears only once within a specific corpus or body of text

hapax legomenon, mot ou forme unique

hapax legomenon, mot ou forme unique

morph
morph
[nom]

the smallest unit of a word's sound or written form that conveys a distinct grammatical or lexical meaning

morphème, morph

morphème, morph

Ex: Linguists analyze morphs to understand word formation. 

Les linguistes analysent les morphes pour comprendre la formation des mots.

morpheme

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morphème

morphème

Ex: The word "unhappiness" contains three morphemes: "un-," "happy," and "-ness." 

Le mot "unhappiness" contient trois morphèmes : "un-", "happy" et "-ness".

functional morpheme

a type of morpheme that conveys grammatical information and serves a functional role in a sentence, rather than carrying lexical or content-related meaning

morphème fonctionnel, morphème grammatical

morphème fonctionnel, morphème grammatical

lexical unit

(linguistics) a word, a group of words or a part of word that has a meaning and forms the basic element of any language

lexème

lexème

portmanteau word

a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds

mot-valise

mot-valise

Ex: Portmanteau words, such as "smog" from "smoke" and "fog," often emerge in response to new cultural phenomena. 

Les mots-valises, comme "smog" issu de "smoke" et "fog", émergent souvent en réponse à de nouveaux phénomènes culturels.

lexis
lexis
[nom]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

vocabulaire

vocabulaire

word
word
[nom]

(grammar) a unit of language that has a specific meaning

mot

mot

Ex: The word "love" has many different meanings in different contexts. 

Le mot "amour" a de nombreuses significations différentes selon les contextes.

collocation

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

collocation

collocation

Ex: She studied collocations to improve her fluency and sound more like a native speaker. 

Elle a étudié les collocations pour améliorer sa fluidité et paraître plus comme un locuteur natif.

idiom
idiom
[nom]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

expression idiomatique

expression idiomatique

Ex: When someone says 'it's raining cats and dogs,' they're using an idiom to describe very heavy rain, not an actual downpour of animals. 

Quand quelqu'un dit 'il pleut des cordes,' il utilise une expression idiomatique pour décrire une pluie très forte, pas une véritable averse d'animaux.

lexical ambiguity

a situation in which a word or phrase has multiple meanings or interpretations, often leading to confusion or uncertainty in understanding the intended message or context

ambiguïté lexicale, polysémie

ambiguïté lexicale, polysémie

reduplication

the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function

redoublement, réduplication

redoublement, réduplication

Ex: An example of reduplication in English is the word "bye-bye," which is a child-friendly way of saying "goodbye." 

Un exemple de redoublement en anglais est le mot "bye-bye", qui est une manière adaptée aux enfants de dire "au revoir".

blocking

a phenomenon where the presence of one linguistic form prevents the occurrence or acceptance of another form with a similar meaning or function

blocage, obstruction

blocage, obstruction

lexical rule

a set of principles or patterns that govern the formation or derivation of words and their meanings within a particular language or lexical system

règle lexicale, principe lexical

règle lexicale, principe lexical

sniglet
sniglet
[nom]

a playful, made-up word used to describe something for which there is no existing term, often adding humor and creativity to language

sniglet, mot inventé ludique

sniglet, mot inventé ludique

phono-semantic matching

the process in which a new word or morpheme is created by combining a sound component that resembles an existing word with a semantic component that reflects its meaning

correspondance phono-sémantique, appariement phono-sémantique

correspondance phono-sémantique, appariement phono-sémantique

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