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Linguistique - Morphologie et Lexicologie

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais liés à la morphologie et à la lexicologie tels que "affixe", "radical" et "lexème".

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Words Related to Linguistics
abbreviation

the shortened form of a word, etc.

abréviation

abréviation

Ex: The abbreviation 'CEO' stands for Chief Executive Officer. 
affixation

a process in morphology where affixes, which are bound morphemes, are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify the meaning or grammatical function of existing words

affixation, processus d'affixation

affixation, processus d'affixation

affix
affix
[nom]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

affix

affix

Ex: English grammar includes prefixes and suffixes as types of affixes. 
contraction

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

contraction

contraction

Ex: In casual speech, contractions like "don't" and "didn't" are frequently used. 
prefix
prefix
[nom]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

préfixe

préfixe

Ex: Understanding common prefixes, such as 'pre-' and 'dis-,' can help students decode unfamiliar words. 
ending
ending
[nom]

the last part of a word, added to the main part

terminaison

terminaison

suffix
suffix
[nom]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

suffixe

suffixe

Ex: Adding the suffix '-ly' to 'quick' changes the word to 'quickly,' turning it into an adverb. 
acronym
acronym
[nom]

a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word

acronyme, sigle

acronyme, sigle

Ex: NASA is an acronym for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
blending

a process in language where two or more words are combined to create a new word that retains elements or sounds from the original words

mélange, fusion

mélange, fusion

numeronym

a type of abbreviation in which a word or phrase is represented by a series of numbers, with the numbers typically corresponding to the number of letters omitted between the first and last letter of the word or phrase

numéronyme, abréviation numérique

numéronyme, abréviation numérique

bound morpheme

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word and must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning

morphème lié, morphème dépendant

morphème lié, morphème dépendant

circumfix

a type of affix that consists of two parts, one attached to the beginning of a word and the other attached to the end

circonfixe, affixe circonfixe

circonfixe, affixe circonfixe

transfixation

a morphological process in which a segment or a group of segments is inserted within a word, typically resulting in a change of the word's meaning or grammatical category

transfixation, insertion morphologique

transfixation, insertion morphologique

analogy
analogy
[nom]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analogie

analogie

Ex: The analogy between "sing" and "sang" helps learners understand verb changes. 
coinage
coinage
[nom]

the process of inventing a word

néologisme

néologisme

stem
stem
[nom]

(in linguistics) the base form of a word after removing affixes

radical, racine

radical, racine

Ex: In "unhappiness," the stem is "happy." 
root
root
[nom]

(in linguistics) the base form of a word, remaining after removing all prefixes and suffixes

radical, racine

radical, racine

Ex: "Kind" is the root of "kindness." 
free morpheme

a morpheme that can function as an independent word in a language

morphème libre, lexème indépendant

morphème libre, lexème indépendant

infix
infix
[nom]

a type of bound morpheme that is inserted within a word

infixe, morphème lié inséré

infixe, morphème lié inséré

clitic
clitic
[nom]

a linguistic element that functions as a word but behaves phonologically or syntactically as a bound morpheme, often attaching to other words and lacking independent stress or full syntactic independence

clitique, élément clitique

clitique, élément clitique

word formation

the process of creating new words or modifying existing ones through morphological and lexical mechanisms in a language

formation des mots, dérivation lexicale

formation des mots, dérivation lexicale

lexeme
lexeme
[nom]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

lexème

lexème

Ex: A lexeme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, encompassing both a word and all its inflected forms. 
derivation

a morphological process in language where new words are formed by adding affixes or making internal modifications to a base or root word, resulting in a change in meaning, part of speech, or both

dérivation, formation dérivationnelle

dérivation, formation dérivationnelle

inflection

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

flexion, adjonction de désinence, déclinaison

flexion, adjonction de désinence, déclinaison

Ex: Verb inflection in English shows tense, as in "walk" vs. "walked." 
back-formation

a word-formation process in which a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly perceived as a derivative affix from an existing word, often resulting in a shorter word with a different part of speech

rétroformation, dérivation régressive

rétroformation, dérivation régressive

compounding

a word-formation process in which two or more individual words are combined to create a new word, typically resulting in a compound with a meaning that is related to or derived from the meanings of the individual words

composition, formation de mots composés

composition, formation de mots composés

conversion

a word-formation process in which a word changes its grammatical category or part of speech without any accompanying morphological changes, such as when a noun becomes a verb or a verb becomes a noun

conversion, dérivation impropre

conversion, dérivation impropre

paradigm

a structured set showing how a word changes to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, or case

paradigme, tableau de flexion

paradigme, tableau de flexion

Ex: The verb run has the paradigm: run, runs, ran, running. 
lexicon
lexicon
[nom]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

annales, lexique

annales, lexique

Ex: The lexicon of a language encompasses all the words and phrases that speakers use to communicate meaning. 
clipping

the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables

troncation, abrègement

troncation, abrègement

Ex: Clipping is a morphological process in linguistics where a longer word is shortened without changing its meaning, often resulting in a more casual or familiar term. 
hypocorism

a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy

hypocoristique, diminutif affectueux

hypocoristique, diminutif affectueux

Ex: Hypocorism is the use of a pet name or affectionate form of a proper name, often involving a diminutive or altered version of the original name. 
morphemization

the process of creating or treating a group of phonological segments as a distinct morpheme, which carries meaning and can be combined with other morphemes to form words

morphémisation, processus de morphémisation

morphémisation, processus de morphémisation

agglutination

a linguistic process where affixes attach to a root word, each keeping a distinct meaning and form

agglutination, processus d'agglutination

agglutination, processus d'agglutination

lexical morpheme

a type of morpheme that carries the core lexical or semantic meaning of a word

morphème lexical, lexème

morphème lexical, lexème

vocabulary

all the words used in a particular language or subject

vocabulaire

vocabulaire

Ex: His vocabulary in Spanish is quite extensive for a beginner. 
derivative

(in linguistics) a word that is developed from another word or base

dérivé

dérivé

Ex: The word "happiness" is a derivative of "happy." 
base
base
[nom]

(linguistics) the form to which affixes or other morphological operations are added to create a new word

base, radical

base, radical

Ex: In "unhappiness," the base is "happy." 
nominalization

a process in language where a word or phrase, typically a verb or an adjective, is transformed into a noun, either by adding a suffix or by changing its syntactic function, allowing the expression of concepts or actions as nominal entities

nominalisation, substantivation

nominalisation, substantivation

lexicalization

a process in which a word or phrase evolves from being a combination of grammatical elements or a non-lexicalized expression to becoming an established lexical unit with its own meaning and usage

lexicalisation, processus de lexicalisation

lexicalisation, processus de lexicalisation

diminutive

a word form or affix that is added to a base word to express smallness, endearment, or a sense of familiarity

diminutif, petit mot

diminutif, petit mot

Ex: The word “duckling” is a diminutive of “duck.” 
protologism

a newly created word or expression that has not yet gained widespread acceptance or recognition within a language community

protologisme, néologisme naissant

protologisme, néologisme naissant

ghost word

a non-existent or erroneous word that has been mistakenly created and entered into a dictionary or other linguistic sources

mot fantôme, faux mot

mot fantôme, faux mot

pseudoword

a string of letters or sounds that resemble real words but do not have any actual meaning or lexical representation in a particular language

pseudomot, mot fictif

pseudomot, mot fictif

nonce word

a term or expression created and used for a specific occasion or context, typically with a limited or one-time purpose, and not intended for long-term or widespread usage

mot occasionnel, néologisme éphémère

mot occasionnel, néologisme éphémère

hapax legomenon

a word or form that appears only once within a specific corpus or body of text

hapax legomenon, mot ou forme unique

hapax legomenon, mot ou forme unique

morph
morph
[nom]

the smallest unit of a word's sound or written form that conveys a distinct grammatical or lexical meaning

morphème, morph

morphème, morph

Ex: The plural suffix -s is a morph indicating more than one. 
morpheme

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morphème

morphème

Ex: In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function in a language. 
functional morpheme

a type of morpheme that conveys grammatical information and serves a functional role in a sentence, rather than carrying lexical or content-related meaning

morphème fonctionnel, morphème grammatical

morphème fonctionnel, morphème grammatical

lexical unit

(linguistics) a word, a group of words or a part of word that has a meaning and forms the basic element of any language

lexème

lexème

portmanteau word

a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds

mot-valise

mot-valise

Ex: The term "brunch" is a portmanteau word that combines "breakfast" and "lunch." 
lexis
lexis
[nom]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

vocabulaire

vocabulaire

word
word
[nom]

(grammar) a unit of language that has a specific meaning

mot

mot

Ex: The word "friendship" holds a special meaning for her. 
collocation

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

collocation

collocation

Ex: In language learning, understanding collocations helps in using words in their most natural and common combinations. 
idiom
idiom
[nom]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

expression idiomatique

expression idiomatique

Ex: The idiom 'kick the bucket' means to die, and its meaning is quite different from the literal interpretation of kicking a bucket. 
lexical ambiguity

a situation in which a word or phrase has multiple meanings or interpretations, often leading to confusion or uncertainty in understanding the intended message or context

ambiguïté lexicale, polysémie

ambiguïté lexicale, polysémie

reduplication

the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function

redoublement, réduplication

redoublement, réduplication

Ex: Reduplication is a morphological process in linguistics where a part or the entirety of a word is repeated to convey grammatical or semantic changes. 
blocking

a phenomenon where the presence of one linguistic form prevents the occurrence or acceptance of another form with a similar meaning or function

blocage, obstruction

blocage, obstruction

lexical rule

a set of principles or patterns that govern the formation or derivation of words and their meanings within a particular language or lexical system

règle lexicale, principe lexical

règle lexicale, principe lexical

sniglet
sniglet
[nom]

a playful, made-up word used to describe something for which there is no existing term, often adding humor and creativity to language

sniglet, mot inventé ludique

sniglet, mot inventé ludique

phono-semantic matching

the process in which a new word or morpheme is created by combining a sound component that resembles an existing word with a semantic component that reflects its meaning

correspondance phono-sémantique, appariement phono-sémantique

correspondance phono-sémantique, appariement phono-sémantique

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