pattern

زبان‌شناسی - تکواژشناسی و واژه‌شناسی

در اینجا شما برخی از کلمات انگلیسی مربوط به ریخت‌شناسی و واژه‌شناسی مانند "پسوند"، "ساقه" و "واژک" را یاد خواهید گرفت.

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آزمون

شروع یادگیری
Words Related to Linguistics
abbreviation
abbreviation
[اسم]

the shortened form of a word, etc.

مخفف

مخفف

Ex: The abbreviation 'CEO' stands for Chief Executive Officer. 
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affixation
affixation
[اسم]

a process in morphology where affixes, which are bound morphemes, are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify the meaning or grammatical function of existing words

الحاق, فرایند الحاق

الحاق, فرایند الحاق

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affix
affix
[اسم]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

وند (دستورزبان)

وند (دستورزبان)

Ex: English grammar includes prefixes and suffixes as types of affixes. 
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contraction
contraction
[اسم]

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

اختصار (دستور زبان)

اختصار (دستور زبان)

Ex: In casual speech, contractions like "don't" and "didn't" are frequently used. 
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prefix
prefix
[اسم]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

پیشوند

پیشوند

Ex: Understanding common prefixes, such as 'pre-' and 'dis-,' can help students decode unfamiliar words. 
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ending
ending
[اسم]

the last part of a word, added to the main part

انتها, بخش پایانی

انتها, بخش پایانی

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suffix
suffix
[اسم]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

پسوند

پسوند

Ex: Adding the suffix '-ly' to 'quick' changes the word to 'quickly,' turning it into an adverb. 
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acronym
acronym
[اسم]

a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word

سرواژه

سرواژه

Ex: NASA is an acronym for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
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blending
blending
[اسم]

a process in language where two or more words are combined to create a new word that retains elements or sounds from the original words

آمیزه‌سازی

آمیزه‌سازی

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numeronym
numeronym
[اسم]

a type of abbreviation in which a word or phrase is represented by a series of numbers, with the numbers typically corresponding to the number of letters omitted between the first and last letter of the word or phrase

اختصارات عددی

اختصارات عددی

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bound morpheme

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word and must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning

تکواژ وابسته, تکواژ مقید

تکواژ وابسته, تکواژ مقید

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circumfix
circumfix
[اسم]

a type of affix that consists of two parts, one attached to the beginning of a word and the other attached to the end

دوروند, پیشوند و پسوند دوروند

دوروند, پیشوند و پسوند دوروند

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transfixation

a morphological process in which a segment or a group of segments is inserted within a word, typically resulting in a change of the word's meaning or grammatical category

درج تراوند

درج تراوند

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analogy
analogy
[اسم]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

آنالوژی (زبان‌شناسی)

آنالوژی (زبان‌شناسی)

Ex: The analogy between "sing" and "sang" helps learners understand verb changes. 
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coinage
coinage
[اسم]

the process of inventing a word

ابداع واژه, اختراع واژه

ابداع واژه, اختراع واژه

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stem
stem
[اسم]

(in linguistics) the base form of a word after removing affixes

ریشه, پایه

ریشه, پایه

Ex: In "unhappiness," the stem is "happy." 
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root
root
[اسم]

(in linguistics) the base form of a word, remaining after removing all prefixes and suffixes

ریشه, پایه

ریشه, پایه

Ex: "Kind" is the root of "kindness." 
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free morpheme

a morpheme that can function as an independent word in a language

تکواژ آزاد

تکواژ آزاد

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infix
infix
[اسم]

a type of bound morpheme that is inserted within a word

میانوند, مرفیم مقید درج شده

میانوند, مرفیم مقید درج شده

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clitic
clitic
[اسم]

a linguistic element that functions as a word but behaves phonologically or syntactically as a bound morpheme, often attaching to other words and lacking independent stress or full syntactic independence

واژه‌بست

واژه‌بست

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word formation

the process of creating new words or modifying existing ones through morphological and lexical mechanisms in a language

واژه‌سازی, اشتقاق واژگانی

واژه‌سازی, اشتقاق واژگانی

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lexeme
lexeme
[اسم]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

تک‌واژه (زبان‌شناسی)

تک‌واژه (زبان‌شناسی)

Ex: A lexeme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, encompassing both a word and all its inflected forms. 
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derivation
derivation
[اسم]

a morphological process in language where new words are formed by adding affixes or making internal modifications to a base or root word, resulting in a change in meaning, part of speech, or both

اشتقاق, فرآیند واژه سازی

اشتقاق, فرآیند واژه سازی

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inflection
inflection
[اسم]

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

تصریف (دستورزبان)

تصریف (دستورزبان)

Ex: Verb inflection in English shows tense, as in "walk" vs. "walked." 
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back-formation

a word-formation process in which a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly perceived as a derivative affix from an existing word, often resulting in a shorter word with a different part of speech

شکل‌گیری معکوس, اشتقاق پس‌رونده

شکل‌گیری معکوس, اشتقاق پس‌رونده

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compounding
compounding
[اسم]

a word-formation process in which two or more individual words are combined to create a new word, typically resulting in a compound with a meaning that is related to or derived from the meanings of the individual words

ترکیب, فرآیند تشکیل کلمات مرکب

ترکیب, فرآیند تشکیل کلمات مرکب

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conversion
conversion
[اسم]

a word-formation process in which a word changes its grammatical category or part of speech without any accompanying morphological changes, such as when a noun becomes a verb or a verb becomes a noun

تبدیل, اشتقاق نادرست

تبدیل, اشتقاق نادرست

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paradigm
paradigm
[اسم]

a structured set showing how a word changes to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, or case

پارادایم (زبان‌شناسی)

پارادایم (زبان‌شناسی)

Ex: The verb run has the paradigm: run, runs, ran, running. 
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lexicon
lexicon
[اسم]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

گستره واژگان

گستره واژگان

Ex: The lexicon of a language encompasses all the words and phrases that speakers use to communicate meaning. 
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clipping
clipping
[اسم]

the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables

کوتاه‌سازی (زبان شناسی)

کوتاه‌سازی (زبان شناسی)

Ex: Clipping is a morphological process in linguistics where a longer word is shortened without changing its meaning, often resulting in a more casual or familiar term. 
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hypocorism
hypocorism
[اسم]

a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy

خودمانی کردن کلمه‌ای

خودمانی کردن کلمه‌ای

Ex: Hypocorism is the use of a pet name or affectionate form of a proper name, often involving a diminutive or altered version of the original name. 
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morphemization

the process of creating or treating a group of phonological segments as a distinct morpheme, which carries meaning and can be combined with other morphemes to form words

تکواژسازی, فرایند تکواژسازی

تکواژسازی, فرایند تکواژسازی

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agglutination

a linguistic process where affixes attach to a root word, each keeping a distinct meaning and form

چسبندگی, فرایند چسبندگی

چسبندگی, فرایند چسبندگی

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lexical morpheme

a type of morpheme that carries the core lexical or semantic meaning of a word

تکواژ واژگانی

تکواژ واژگانی

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vocabulary
vocabulary
[اسم]

all the words used in a particular language or subject

واژگان

واژگان

Ex: His vocabulary in Spanish is quite extensive for a beginner. 
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derivative
derivative
[اسم]

(in linguistics) a word that is developed from another word or base

مشتق (زبان‌شناسی), سرشته

مشتق (زبان‌شناسی), سرشته

Ex: The word "happiness" is a derivative of "happy." 
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base
base
[اسم]

(linguistics) the form to which affixes or other morphological operations are added to create a new word

پایه, ریشه

پایه, ریشه

Ex: In "unhappiness," the base is "happy." 
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nominalization

a process in language where a word or phrase, typically a verb or an adjective, is transformed into a noun, either by adding a suffix or by changing its syntactic function, allowing the expression of concepts or actions as nominal entities

اسم سازی, اسمی شدن

اسم سازی, اسمی شدن

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lexicalization

a process in which a word or phrase evolves from being a combination of grammatical elements or a non-lexicalized expression to becoming an established lexical unit with its own meaning and usage

واژه‌سازی, فرایند واژه‌سازی

واژه‌سازی, فرایند واژه‌سازی

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diminutive
diminutive
[اسم]

a word form or affix that is added to a base word to express smallness, endearment, or a sense of familiarity

تصغیر, کلمه محبت آمیز

تصغیر, کلمه محبت آمیز

Ex: The word “duckling” is a diminutive of “duck.” 
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protologism
protologism
[اسم]

a newly created word or expression that has not yet gained widespread acceptance or recognition within a language community

نخست‌واژگی

نخست‌واژگی

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ghost word
ghost word
[اسم]

a non-existent or erroneous word that has been mistakenly created and entered into a dictionary or other linguistic sources

کلمه روح, کلمه اشتباه

کلمه روح, کلمه اشتباه

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pseudoword
pseudoword
[اسم]

a string of letters or sounds that resemble real words but do not have any actual meaning or lexical representation in a particular language

شبه کلمه, کلمه ساختگی

شبه کلمه, کلمه ساختگی

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nonce word
nonce word
[اسم]

a term or expression created and used for a specific occasion or context, typically with a limited or one-time purpose, and not intended for long-term or widespread usage

کلمه موقت, اصطلاح زودگذر

کلمه موقت, اصطلاح زودگذر

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hapax legomenon

a word or form that appears only once within a specific corpus or body of text

هاپاکس لگومنون, یک کلمه یا فرم که فقط یک بار در یک متن خاص ظاهر می‌شود

هاپاکس لگومنون, یک کلمه یا فرم که فقط یک بار در یک متن خاص ظاهر می‌شود

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morph
morph
[اسم]

the smallest unit of a word's sound or written form that conveys a distinct grammatical or lexical meaning

واژ‌صورت

واژ‌صورت

Ex: The plural suffix -s is a morph indicating more than one. 
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morpheme
morpheme
[اسم]

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

تکواژ (زبان‌شناسی)

تکواژ (زبان‌شناسی)

Ex: In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function in a language. 
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functional morpheme

a type of morpheme that conveys grammatical information and serves a functional role in a sentence, rather than carrying lexical or content-related meaning

تکواژ نقش‌گرا

تکواژ نقش‌گرا

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lexical unit
lexical unit
[اسم]

(linguistics) a word, a group of words or a part of word that has a meaning and forms the basic element of any language

واحد واژگانی (زبان‌شناسی)

واحد واژگانی (زبان‌شناسی)

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portmanteau word

a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds

تکواژ چندوجهی, تکواژ مرکب

تکواژ چندوجهی, تکواژ مرکب

Ex: The term "brunch" is a portmanteau word that combines "breakfast" and "lunch." 
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lexis
lexis
[اسم]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

واژگان (کلیه واژه‌های یک زبان)

واژگان (کلیه واژه‌های یک زبان)

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word
word
[اسم]

(grammar) a unit of language that has a specific meaning

کلمه, واژه، لغت

کلمه, واژه، لغت

Ex: The word "friendship" holds a special meaning for her. 
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collocation
collocation
[اسم]

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

همایند, همنشینی (واژگانی)

همایند, همنشینی (واژگانی)

Ex: In language learning, understanding collocations helps in using words in their most natural and common combinations. 
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idiom
idiom
[اسم]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

اصطلاح

اصطلاح

Ex: The idiom 'kick the bucket' means to die, and its meaning is quite different from the literal interpretation of kicking a bucket. 
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lexical ambiguity

a situation in which a word or phrase has multiple meanings or interpretations, often leading to confusion or uncertainty in understanding the intended message or context

ابهام واژگانی, چندمعنایی

ابهام واژگانی, چندمعنایی

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reduplication

the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function

دوگانه‌سازی (زبان شناسی)

دوگانه‌سازی (زبان شناسی)

Ex: Reduplication is a morphological process in linguistics where a part or the entirety of a word is repeated to convey grammatical or semantic changes. 
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blocking
blocking
[اسم]

a phenomenon where the presence of one linguistic form prevents the occurrence or acceptance of another form with a similar meaning or function

مسدود کردن, مانع شدن

مسدود کردن, مانع شدن

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lexical rule
lexical rule
[اسم]

a set of principles or patterns that govern the formation or derivation of words and their meanings within a particular language or lexical system

قاعده واژگانی, اصل واژگانی

قاعده واژگانی, اصل واژگانی

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sniglet
sniglet
[اسم]

a playful, made-up word used to describe something for which there is no existing term, often adding humor and creativity to language

اسنیگلت, کلمه ساخته شده بازیگوشانه

اسنیگلت, کلمه ساخته شده بازیگوشانه

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phono-semantic matching

the process in which a new word or morpheme is created by combining a sound component that resembles an existing word with a semantic component that reflects its meaning

تطابق آوایی-معنایی, همخوانی آوایی-معنایی

تطابق آوایی-معنایی, همخوانی آوایی-معنایی

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