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Lingvistică - Morfologie și Lexicologie

Aici veți învăța câteva cuvinte în engleză legate de morfologie și lexicologie, cum ar fi "afix", "tema" și "lexem".

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Words Related to Linguistics
abbreviation
[substantiv]

the shortened form of a word, etc.

abreviere, prescurtare

abreviere, prescurtare

Ex: When writing a report , be sure to define any abbreviations the first time you use them .Când scrieți un raport, asigurați-vă că definiți orice **abreviere** prima dată când o utilizați.
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affixation
[substantiv]

a process in morphology where affixes, which are bound morphemes, are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify the meaning or grammatical function of existing words

afixare, proces de afixare

afixare, proces de afixare

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affix
[substantiv]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

afix, sufix/prefix

afix, sufix/prefix

Ex: In linguistics , affixes play a crucial role in word formation and derivation .În lingvistică, **afixele** joacă un rol crucial în formarea și derivarea cuvintelor.
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contraction
[substantiv]

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

contracție, formă contrasă

contracție, formă contrasă

Ex: Contractions are often used in informal writing and speech .**Contracțiile** sunt adesea folosite în scrierea și vorbirea informală.
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prefix
[substantiv]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

prefix

prefix

Ex: The dictionary provided a list of prefixes and their meanings to help with word formation and understanding .Dicționarul a furnizat o listă de **prefixe** și semnificațiile acestora pentru a ajuta la formarea și înțelegerea cuvintelor.
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ending
[substantiv]

the last part of a word, added to the main part

terminație, desinență

terminație, desinență

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suffix
[substantiv]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

sufix, terminație

sufix, terminație

Ex: Students practiced adding different suffixes to root words to see how their meanings changed .Elevii au practicat adăugarea diferitelor **sufixe** la cuvintele rădăcină pentru a vedea cum s-au schimbat semnificațiile lor.
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acronym
[substantiv]

a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word

acronim, abreviere

acronim, abreviere

Ex: The company name was created as an acronym from its founders ' initials .Numele companiei a fost creat ca un **acronim** din inițialele fondatorilor săi.
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blending
[substantiv]

a process in language where two or more words are combined to create a new word that retains elements or sounds from the original words

amestecare, fuziune

amestecare, fuziune

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numeronym
[substantiv]

a type of abbreviation in which a word or phrase is represented by a series of numbers, with the numbers typically corresponding to the number of letters omitted between the first and last letter of the word or phrase

numeronim, prescurtare numerică

numeronim, prescurtare numerică

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bound morpheme
[substantiv]

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word and must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning

morfem legat, morfem dependent

morfem legat, morfem dependent

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circumfix
[substantiv]

a type of affix that consists of two parts, one attached to the beginning of a word and the other attached to the end

circumfix, afix circumfix

circumfix, afix circumfix

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transfixation
[substantiv]

a morphological process in which a segment or a group of segments is inserted within a word, typically resulting in a change of the word's meaning or grammatical category

transfixare, inserție morfologică

transfixare, inserție morfologică

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analogy
[substantiv]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analogie, paralelism

analogie, paralelism

Ex: The study of analogy shows how language adapts to the needs of its speakers .Studiul **analogiei** arată cum se adaptează limba la nevoile vorbitorilor săi.
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coinage
[substantiv]

the process of inventing a word

neologism, creare de cuvinte

neologism, creare de cuvinte

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stem
[substantiv]

the core or base form of a word to which affixes, such as prefixes, suffixes, infixes, etc. can be attached

rădăcină, bază

rădăcină, bază

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root
[substantiv]

the core lexical unit from which words are derived and carries the central meaning of a word

rădăcină, bază

rădăcină, bază

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free morpheme
[substantiv]

a morpheme that can function as an independent word in a language

morfem liber, cuvânt independent

morfem liber, cuvânt independent

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infix
[substantiv]

a type of bound morpheme that is inserted within a word

infix, morfem legat inserat

infix, morfem legat inserat

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clitic
[substantiv]

a linguistic element that functions as a word but behaves phonologically or syntactically as a bound morpheme, often attaching to other words and lacking independent stress or full syntactic independence

clitic, element clitic

clitic, element clitic

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word formation
[substantiv]

the process of creating new words or modifying existing ones through morphological and lexical mechanisms in a language

formarea cuvintelor, derivare lexicală

formarea cuvintelor, derivare lexicală

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lexeme
[substantiv]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

lexem, unitate lingvistică de bază

lexem, unitate lingvistică de bază

Ex: Analyzing lexemes helps in identifying patterns of word formation and usage across different linguistic contexts .Analiza **lexemelor** ajută la identificarea modelelor de formare și utilizare a cuvintelor în diferite contexte lingvistice.
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derivation
[substantiv]

a morphological process in language where new words are formed by adding affixes or making internal modifications to a base or root word, resulting in a change in meaning, part of speech, or both

derivare, proces de formare a cuvintelor

derivare, proces de formare a cuvintelor

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inflection
[substantiv]

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

flexiune, terminație

flexiune, terminație

Ex: Understanding inflection is essential for mastering highly inflected languages like Finnish .Înțelegerea **flexiunii** este esențială pentru stăpânirea limbilor puternic flexive, cum ar fi finlandeza.
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back-formation
[substantiv]

a word-formation process in which a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly perceived as a derivative affix from an existing word, often resulting in a shorter word with a different part of speech

retroformare, derivare regresivă

retroformare, derivare regresivă

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compounding
[substantiv]

a word-formation process in which two or more individual words are combined to create a new word, typically resulting in a compound with a meaning that is related to or derived from the meanings of the individual words

compunere, proces de formare a cuvintelor compuse

compunere, proces de formare a cuvintelor compuse

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conversion
[substantiv]

a word-formation process in which a word changes its grammatical category or part of speech without any accompanying morphological changes, such as when a noun becomes a verb or a verb becomes a noun

conversiune, derivare improprie

conversiune, derivare improprie

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paradigm
[substantiv]

a systematic arrangement of inflected forms or word forms that represent the different grammatical variations of a word or morpheme

paradigmă, model

paradigmă, model

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lexicon
[substantiv]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

lexicon, vocabular

lexicon, vocabular

Ex: Building a diverse lexicon through reading and exposure to different contexts enriches one 's language skills and communication abilities .Construirea unui **lexicon** divers prin citire și expunere la diferite contexte îmbogățește abilitățile lingvistice și abilitățile de comunicare ale unei persoane.
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clipping
[substantiv]

the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables

trunchiere, scurtare

trunchiere, scurtare

Ex: The process of clipping often retains the original word's meaning and can occur in various parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives.Procesul de **clipping** păstrează adesea sensul original al cuvântului și poate apărea în diferite părți ale vorbirii, cum ar fi substantivele, verbele și adjectivele.
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hypocorism
[substantiv]

a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy

hipocoristic, nume de alint

hipocoristic, nume de alint

Ex: The formation of hypocorisms can involve various linguistic processes such as clipping , adding diminutive suffixes , or phonetic modification .Formarea **hipocorismelor** poate implica diverse procese lingvistice, cum ar fi tăierea, adăugarea de sufixe diminutive sau modificarea fonetică.
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morphemization
[substantiv]

the process of creating or treating a group of phonological segments as a distinct morpheme, which carries meaning and can be combined with other morphemes to form words

morfemizare, procesul de morfemizare

morfemizare, procesul de morfemizare

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agglutination
[substantiv]

a linguistic process where affixes attach to a root word, each keeping a distinct meaning and form

aglutinare, proces de aglutinare

aglutinare, proces de aglutinare

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lexical morpheme
[substantiv]

a type of morpheme that carries the core lexical or semantic meaning of a word

morfem lexical, lexem

morfem lexical, lexem

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vocabulary
[substantiv]

all the words used in a particular language or subject

vocabular, lexic

vocabular, lexic

Ex: She uses a vocabulary app on her phone to learn new English words.Ea folosește o aplicație de **vocabular** pe telefonul ei pentru a învăța noi cuvinte în engleză.
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derivative
[substantiv]

(in linguistics) a word that is developed from another word or base

derivat, cuvânt derivat

derivat, cuvânt derivat

Ex: Linguists analyze how derivatives evolve over time .Lingviștii analizează cum evoluează **derivatele** în timp.
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base
[substantiv]

(linguistics) the form to which affixes or other morphological operations are added to create a new word

bază, rădăcină

bază, rădăcină

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nominalization
[substantiv]

a process in language where a word or phrase, typically a verb or an adjective, is transformed into a noun, either by adding a suffix or by changing its syntactic function, allowing the expression of concepts or actions as nominal entities

nominalizare, substantivizare

nominalizare, substantivizare

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lexicalization
[substantiv]

a process in which a word or phrase evolves from being a combination of grammatical elements or a non-lexicalized expression to becoming an established lexical unit with its own meaning and usage

lexicalizare, proces de lexicalizare

lexicalizare, proces de lexicalizare

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diminutive
[substantiv]

a word form or affix that is added to a base word to express smallness, endearment, or a sense of familiarity

diminutiv, cuvint de dragoste

diminutiv, cuvint de dragoste

Ex: "Teacup" is a diminutive form of "cup," indicating a smaller version.« **Teacup** » este o formă **diminutivă** a cuvântului « cup », indicând o versiune mai mică.
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protologism
[substantiv]

a newly created word or expression that has not yet gained widespread acceptance or recognition within a language community

protologism, cuvânt nou creat

protologism, cuvânt nou creat

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ghost word
[substantiv]

a non-existent or erroneous word that has been mistakenly created and entered into a dictionary or other linguistic sources

cuvânt fantomă, cuvânt eronat

cuvânt fantomă, cuvânt eronat

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pseudoword
[substantiv]

a string of letters or sounds that resemble real words but do not have any actual meaning or lexical representation in a particular language

pseudocuvânt, cuvânt fictiv

pseudocuvânt, cuvânt fictiv

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nonce word
[substantiv]

a term or expression created and used for a specific occasion or context, typically with a limited or one-time purpose, and not intended for long-term or widespread usage

cuvânt ocazional, neologism efemer

cuvânt ocazional, neologism efemer

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hapax legomenon
[substantiv]

a word or form that appears only once within a specific corpus or body of text

hapax legomenon, un cuvânt sau o formă care apare o singură dată într-un anumit corpus

hapax legomenon, un cuvânt sau o formă care apare o singură dată într-un anumit corpus

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morph
[substantiv]

the smallest segment of a word's sound or written form that can be directly linked to a specific grammatical or lexical meaning

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morpheme
[substantiv]

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morfem, cea mai mică unitate de sens

morfem, cea mai mică unitate de sens

Ex: The study of morphemes, known as morphology , examines how these units combine to create complex words .Studiul **morfemelor**, cunoscut sub numele de morfologie, examinează modul în care aceste unități se combină pentru a crea cuvinte complexe.
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a type of morpheme that conveys grammatical information and serves a functional role in a sentence, rather than carrying lexical or content-related meaning

morfem funcțional, morfem gramatical

morfem funcțional, morfem gramatical

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lexical unit
[substantiv]

(linguistics) a word, a group of words or a part of word that has a meaning and forms the basic element of any language

unitate lexicală, element lexical

unitate lexicală, element lexical

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portmanteau word
[substantiv]

a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds

cuvânt portmanteau, cuvânt compus

cuvânt portmanteau, cuvânt compus

Ex: The creation of portmanteau words can be playful and creative , as seen in " chillax , " a combination of " chill " and " relax . "Crearea **cuvintelor portmanteau** poate fi jucăușă și creativă, așa cum se vede în "chillax", o combinație între "chill" și "relax".
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lexis
[substantiv]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

lexic, vocabular

lexic, vocabular

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word
[substantiv]

(grammar) a unit of language that has a specific meaning

cuvânt, termen

cuvânt, termen

Ex: Understanding every word in a sentence helps with comprehension .Înțelegerea fiecărui **cuvânt** dintr-o propoziție ajută la înțelegere.
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collocation
[substantiv]

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

colocație, combinație de cuvinte

colocație, combinație de cuvinte

Ex: The teacher explained the meaning of each collocation.Profesorul a explicat sensul fiecărei **colocații**.
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idiom
[substantiv]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

idiom, expresie idiomatică

idiom, expresie idiomatică

Ex: The idiom ' piece of cake ' refers to something that is very easy to do , which has nothing to do with an actual piece of dessert .**Idiomul** 'piece of cake' se referă la ceva care este foarte ușor de făcut, care nu are nicio legătură cu o bucată reală de desert.
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lexical ambiguity
[substantiv]

a situation in which a word or phrase has multiple meanings or interpretations, often leading to confusion or uncertainty in understanding the intended message or context

ambiguitate lexicală, polisemie

ambiguitate lexicală, polisemie

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reduplication
[substantiv]

the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function

reduplicare, dublare

reduplicare, dublare

Ex: Reduplication can serve various functions across languages , including emphasis , diminishment , or the creation of onomatopoeic expressions .**Reduplicarea** poate servi diferite funcții în limbile, inclusiv accentuarea, diminuarea sau crearea expresiilor onomatopeice.
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blocking
[substantiv]

a phenomenon where the presence of one linguistic form prevents the occurrence or acceptance of another form with a similar meaning or function

blocare, obstrucție

blocare, obstrucție

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lexical rule
[substantiv]

a set of principles or patterns that govern the formation or derivation of words and their meanings within a particular language or lexical system

regulă lexicală, principiu lexical

regulă lexicală, principiu lexical

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sniglet
[substantiv]

a playful, made-up word used to describe something for which there is no existing term, often adding humor and creativity to language

sniglet, cuvânt inventat jucăuș

sniglet, cuvânt inventat jucăuș

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the process in which a new word or morpheme is created by combining a sound component that resembles an existing word with a semantic component that reflects its meaning

potrivire fono-semantică, corespondență fono-semantică

potrivire fono-semantică, corespondență fono-semantică

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