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Linguistica - Morfologia e lessicologia

Qui imparerai alcune parole inglesi relative alla morfologia e alla lessicologia come "affisso", "tema" e "lessema".

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abbreviation
abbreviation
[sostantivo]

the shortened form of a word, etc.

abbreviazione

abbreviazione

Ex: The abbreviation 'CEO' stands for Chief Executive Officer. 

L'abbreviazione 'CEO' sta per Chief Executive Officer.

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affixation
affixation
[sostantivo]

a process in morphology where affixes, which are bound morphemes, are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify the meaning or grammatical function of existing words

affissazione, processo di affissazione

affissazione, processo di affissazione

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affix
affix
[sostantivo]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

apporre

apporre

Ex: In linguistics, affixes play a crucial role in word formation and derivation. 

In linguistica, gli affissi svolgono un ruolo cruciale nella formazione e derivazione delle parole.

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contraction
contraction
[sostantivo]

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

contrazione

contrazione

Ex: Contractions are often used in informal writing and speech. 

Le contrazioni sono spesso utilizzate nella scrittura e nel parlato informali.

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prefix
prefix
[sostantivo]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

prefisso

prefisso

Ex: In the vocabulary lesson, they focused on how prefixes can alter the meanings of root words. 

Nella lezione di vocabolario, si sono concentrati su come i prefissi possano alterare i significati delle parole radice.

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ending
ending
[sostantivo]

the last part of a word, added to the main part

terminazione

terminazione

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suffix
suffix
[sostantivo]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

suffisso

suffisso

Ex: Understanding how suffixes modify words is essential for expanding vocabulary and improving writing skills. 

Comprendere come i suffissi modificano le parole è essenziale per ampliare il vocabolario e migliorare le capacità di scrittura.

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acronym
acronym
[sostantivo]

a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word

acronimo, sigla

acronimo, sigla

Ex: The company name was created as an acronym from its founders' initials. 

Il nome dell'azienda è stato creato come un acronimo dalle iniziali dei suoi fondatori.

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blending
blending
[sostantivo]

a process in language where two or more words are combined to create a new word that retains elements or sounds from the original words

miscela, fusione

miscela, fusione

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numeronym
numeronym
[sostantivo]

a type of abbreviation in which a word or phrase is represented by a series of numbers, with the numbers typically corresponding to the number of letters omitted between the first and last letter of the word or phrase

numeronimo, abbreviazione numerica

numeronimo, abbreviazione numerica

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bound morpheme
bound morpheme
[sostantivo]

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word and must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning

morfema legato, morfema dipendente

morfema legato, morfema dipendente

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circumfix
circumfix
[sostantivo]

a type of affix that consists of two parts, one attached to the beginning of a word and the other attached to the end

circonflesso, affisso circonflesso

circonflesso, affisso circonflesso

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transfixation
transfixation
[sostantivo]

a morphological process in which a segment or a group of segments is inserted within a word, typically resulting in a change of the word's meaning or grammatical category

transfissazione, inserzione morfologica

transfissazione, inserzione morfologica

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analogy
analogy
[sostantivo]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analogia

analogia

Ex: The analogy between "sing" and "sang" helps learners understand verb changes. 
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coinage
coinage
[sostantivo]

the process of inventing a word

monetazione

monetazione

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stem
stem
[sostantivo]

the form of a word to which inflectional affixes are added

radice, tema

radice, tema

Ex: Some words undergo a change in the stem when they are inflected. 
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root
root
[sostantivo]

(in linguistics) the base form of a word, remaining after removing all prefixes and suffixes

radice, lessema

radice, lessema

Ex: The root determines the core meaning of the word. 
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free morpheme
free morpheme
[sostantivo]

a morpheme that can function as an independent word in a language

morfema libero, lessema indipendente

morfema libero, lessema indipendente

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infix
infix
[sostantivo]

a type of bound morpheme that is inserted within a word

infisso, morfema legato inserito

infisso, morfema legato inserito

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clitic
clitic
[sostantivo]

a linguistic element that functions as a word but behaves phonologically or syntactically as a bound morpheme, often attaching to other words and lacking independent stress or full syntactic independence

clitico, elemento clitico

clitico, elemento clitico

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word formation
word formation
[sostantivo]

the process of creating new words or modifying existing ones through morphological and lexical mechanisms in a language

formazione delle parole, derivazione lessicale

formazione delle parole, derivazione lessicale

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lexeme
lexeme
[sostantivo]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

lessema

lessema

Ex: Analyzing lexemes helps in identifying patterns of word formation and usage across different linguistic contexts. 

L'analisi dei lessemi aiuta a identificare i modelli di formazione e uso delle parole in diversi contesti linguistici.

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derivation
derivation
[sostantivo]

a morphological process in language where new words are formed by adding affixes or making internal modifications to a base or root word, resulting in a change in meaning, part of speech, or both

derivazione, formazione derivativa

derivazione, formazione derivativa

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inflection
inflection
[sostantivo]

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

flessione

flessione

Ex: Understanding inflection is essential for mastering highly inflected languages like Finnish. 

Comprendere la flessione è essenziale per padroneggiare lingue altamente flessive come il finlandese.

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back-formation
back-formation
[sostantivo]

a word-formation process in which a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly perceived as a derivative affix from an existing word, often resulting in a shorter word with a different part of speech

retroformazione, derivazione regressiva

retroformazione, derivazione regressiva

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compounding
compounding
[sostantivo]

a word-formation process in which two or more individual words are combined to create a new word, typically resulting in a compound with a meaning that is related to or derived from the meanings of the individual words

composizione, formazione di parole composte

composizione, formazione di parole composte

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conversion
conversion
[sostantivo]

a word-formation process in which a word changes grammatical category without any change in its form

conversione, derivazione zero

conversione, derivazione zero

Ex: Students identified several cases of noun-to-verb conversion. 
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paradigm
paradigm
[sostantivo]

a structured set showing how a word changes to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, or case

paradigma, tabella flessionale

paradigma, tabella flessionale

Ex: Latin nouns follow specific paradigms to show case endings like puella, puellae, puellam, etc. 

I sostantivi latini seguono paradigmi specifici per mostrare le desinenze di caso come puella, puellae, puellam, ecc.

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lexicon
lexicon
[sostantivo]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

lessico

lessico

Ex: Building a diverse lexicon through reading and exposure to different contexts enriches one's language skills and communication abilities. 

Costruire un lessico diversificato attraverso la lettura e l'esposizione a diversi contesti arricchisce le competenze linguistiche e le abilità comunicative di una persona.

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clipping
clipping
[sostantivo]

the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables

troncamento, accorciamento

troncamento, accorciamento

Ex: The process of clipping often retains the original word's meaning and can occur in various parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives. 

Il processo di clipping spesso conserva il significato originale della parola e può verificarsi in varie parti del discorso, come sostantivi, verbi e aggettivi.

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hypocorism
hypocorism
[sostantivo]

a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy

ipocoristico, diminutivo affettuoso

ipocoristico, diminutivo affettuoso

Ex: The formation of hypocorisms can involve various linguistic processes such as clipping, adding diminutive suffixes, or phonetic modification. 

La formazione degli ipocoristici può coinvolgere vari processi linguistici come il taglio, l'aggiunta di suffissi diminutivi o la modifica fonetica.

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morphemization
morphemization
[sostantivo]

the process of creating or treating a group of phonological segments as a distinct morpheme, which carries meaning and can be combined with other morphemes to form words

morfemizzazione, processo di morfemizzazione

morfemizzazione, processo di morfemizzazione

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agglutination
agglutination
[sostantivo]

a linguistic process where affixes attach to a root word, each keeping a distinct meaning and form

agglutinazione, processo di agglutinazione

agglutinazione, processo di agglutinazione

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lexical morpheme
lexical morpheme
[sostantivo]

a type of morpheme that carries the core lexical or semantic meaning of a word

morfema lessicale, lessema

morfema lessicale, lessema

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vocabulary
vocabulary
[sostantivo]

all the words used in a particular language, field, or subject

vocabolario

vocabolario

Ex: The course introduces students to the basic vocabulary of economics. 
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derivative
derivative
[sostantivo]

(in linguistics) a word that is developed from another word or base

derivato

derivato

Ex: Linguists analyze how derivatives evolve over time. 

I linguisti analizzano come i derivati si evolvono nel tempo.

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base
base
[sostantivo]

(linguistics) the form to which affixes or other morphological operations are added to create a new word

base, radice

base, radice

Ex: The suffix is added to the base to create a new word. 
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nominalization
nominalization
[sostantivo]

a process in language where a word or phrase, typically a verb or an adjective, is transformed into a noun, either by adding a suffix or by changing its syntactic function, allowing the expression of concepts or actions as nominal entities

nominalizzazione, sostantivazione

nominalizzazione, sostantivazione

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lexicalization
lexicalization
[sostantivo]

a process in which a word or phrase evolves from being a combination of grammatical elements or a non-lexicalized expression to becoming an established lexical unit with its own meaning and usage

lessicalizzazione, processo di lessicalizzazione

lessicalizzazione, processo di lessicalizzazione

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diminutive
diminutive
[sostantivo]

a word form or affix that is added to a base word to express smallness, endearment, or a sense of familiarity

diminutivo, vezzeggiativo

diminutivo, vezzeggiativo

Ex: "Teacup" is a diminutive form of "cup," indicating a smaller version. 

« Teacup » è una forma diminutiva di « cup », che indica una versione più piccola.

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protologism
protologism
[sostantivo]

a newly created word or expression that has not yet gained widespread acceptance or recognition within a language community

protologismo, neologismo nascente

protologismo, neologismo nascente

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ghost word
ghost word
[sostantivo]

a non-existent or erroneous word that has been mistakenly created and entered into a dictionary or other linguistic sources

parola fantasma, parola errata

parola fantasma, parola errata

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pseudoword
pseudoword
[sostantivo]

a string of letters or sounds that resemble real words but do not have any actual meaning or lexical representation in a particular language

pseudoparola, parola fittizia

pseudoparola, parola fittizia

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nonce word
nonce word
[sostantivo]

a term or expression created and used for a specific occasion or context, typically with a limited or one-time purpose, and not intended for long-term or widespread usage

parola occasionale, neologismo effimero

parola occasionale, neologismo effimero

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hapax legomenon
hapax legomenon
[sostantivo]

a word or form that appears only once within a specific corpus or body of text

hapax legomenon, parola o forma unica

hapax legomenon, parola o forma unica

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morph
morph
[sostantivo]

the smallest unit of a word's sound or written form that conveys a distinct grammatical or lexical meaning

morfema, morph

morfema, morph

Ex: Each morph carries a specific meaning in the sentence. 

Ogni morfema porta un significato specifico nella frase.

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morpheme
morpheme
[sostantivo]

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morfema

morfema

Ex: The study of morphemes, known as morphology, examines how these units combine to create complex words. 

Lo studio dei morfemi, noto come morfologia, esamina come queste unità si combinano per creare parole complesse.

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functional morpheme

a type of morpheme that conveys grammatical information and serves a functional role in a sentence, rather than carrying lexical or content-related meaning

morfema funzionale, morfema grammaticale

morfema funzionale, morfema grammaticale

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lexical unit
lexical unit
[sostantivo]

(linguistics) a word, a group of words or a part of word that has a meaning and forms the basic element of any language

unità lessicale

unità lessicale

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portmanteau word
portmanteau word
[sostantivo]

a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds

parola di portmanteau

parola di portmanteau

Ex: The creation of portmanteau words can be playful and creative, as seen in "chillax," a combination of "chill" and "relax." 

La creazione di parole macedonia può essere giocosa e creativa, come si vede in "chillax", una combinazione di "chill" e "relax".

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lexis
lexis
[sostantivo]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

lessico

lessico

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word
word
[sostantivo]

(grammar) a unit of language that has a specific meaning

parola

parola

Ex: Understanding every word in a sentence helps with comprehension. 
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collocation
collocation
[sostantivo]

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

collocazione

collocazione

Ex: The teacher explained the meaning of each collocation. 

L'insegnante ha spiegato il significato di ogni collocazione.

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idiom
idiom
[sostantivo]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

idioma

idioma

Ex: The idiom 'piece of cake' refers to something that is very easy to do, which has nothing to do with an actual piece of dessert. 

L'idioma 'piece of cake' si riferisce a qualcosa che è molto facile da fare, che non ha nulla a che fare con un vero pezzo di dessert.

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lexical ambiguity
lexical ambiguity
[sostantivo]

a situation in which a word or phrase has multiple meanings or interpretations, often leading to confusion or uncertainty in understanding the intended message or context

ambiguità lessicale, polisemia

ambiguità lessicale, polisemia

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reduplication
reduplication
[sostantivo]

the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function

raddoppiamento, riduplicazione

raddoppiamento, riduplicazione

Ex: Reduplication can serve various functions across languages, including emphasis, diminishment, or the creation of onomatopoeic expressions. 

La riduplicazione può servire varie funzioni tra le lingue, inclusa l'enfasi, la diminuzione o la creazione di espressioni onomatopeiche.

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blocking
blocking
[sostantivo]

a phenomenon where the presence of one linguistic form prevents the occurrence or acceptance of another form with a similar meaning or function

blocco, ostruzione

blocco, ostruzione

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lexical rule
lexical rule
[sostantivo]

a set of principles or patterns that govern the formation or derivation of words and their meanings within a particular language or lexical system

regola lessicale, principio lessicale

regola lessicale, principio lessicale

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sniglet
sniglet
[sostantivo]

a playful, made-up word used to describe something for which there is no existing term, often adding humor and creativity to language

sniglet, parola inventata giocosa

sniglet, parola inventata giocosa

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phono-semantic matching

the process in which a new word or morpheme is created by combining a sound component that resembles an existing word with a semantic component that reflects its meaning

corrispondenza fono-semantica, abbinamento fono-semantico

corrispondenza fono-semantica, abbinamento fono-semantico

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