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Językoznawstwo - Morfologia i leksykologia

Tutaj nauczysz się kilku angielskich słów związanych z morfologią i leksykologią, takich jak „afiks”, „rdzeń” i „leksem”.

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Words Related to Linguistics
abbreviation

the shortened form of a word, etc.

skrót, skrócenie

skrót, skrócenie

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affixation

a process in morphology where affixes, which are bound morphemes, are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify the meaning or grammatical function of existing words

afiksacja, fiksacja

afiksacja, fiksacja

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affix

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

afiks, przyrostek/przedrostek

afiks, przyrostek/przedrostek

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contraction

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

skurczenie, kontrakcja

skurczenie, kontrakcja

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prefix

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

przedrostek

przedrostek

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ending

the last part of a word, added to the main part

sufiks, przyrostek

sufiks, przyrostek

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suffix

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

sufiks, końcówka

sufiks, końcówka

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acronym

an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of a group of words, which can be pronounced as a word

akronim

akronim

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blending

a process in language where two or more words are combined to create a new word that retains elements or sounds from the original words

mieszanka, fuzja

mieszanka, fuzja

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numeronym

a type of abbreviation in which a word or phrase is represented by a series of numbers, with the numbers typically corresponding to the number of letters omitted between the first and last letter of the word or phrase

numeronim, numeronimy

numeronim, numeronimy

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bound morpheme

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word and must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning

morfem związany, morfem zależny

morfem związany, morfem zależny

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circumfix

a type of affix that consists of two parts, one attached to the beginning of a word and the other attached to the end

circumfix

circumfix

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transfixation

a morphological process in which a segment or a group of segments is inserted within a word, typically resulting in a change of the word's meaning or grammatical category

transfiksacja

transfiksacja

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analogy

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analogia, analogiczność językowa

analogia, analogiczność językowa

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coinage

the process of inventing a word

tworzenie słów, neologizm

tworzenie słów, neologizm

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stem

the core or base form of a word to which affixes, such as prefixes, suffixes, infixes, etc. can be attached

rdzeń, podstawa

rdzeń, podstawa

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root

the core lexical unit from which words are derived and carries the central meaning of a word

rdzeń, jądro

rdzeń, jądro

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free morpheme

a morpheme that can function as an independent word in a language

morfem wolny, morfem niezależny

morfem wolny, morfem niezależny

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infix

a type of bound morpheme that is inserted within a word

infiks

infiks

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clitic

a linguistic element that functions as a word but behaves phonologically or syntactically as a bound morpheme, often attaching to other words and lacking independent stress or full syntactic independence

klityk, element klityczny

klityk, element klityczny

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word formation

the process of creating new words or modifying existing ones through morphological and lexical mechanisms in a language

tworzenie słów, formowanie słów

tworzenie słów, formowanie słów

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lexeme

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

leksem, jednostka leksykalna

leksem, jednostka leksykalna

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derivation

a morphological process in language where new words are formed by adding affixes or making internal modifications to a base or root word, resulting in a change in meaning, part of speech, or both

derywacja, formacja

derywacja, formacja

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inflection

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

fleksja, odmienność

fleksja, odmienność

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back-formation

a word-formation process in which a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly perceived as a derivative affix from an existing word, often resulting in a shorter word with a different part of speech

back-formation, rekonstrukcja

back-formation, rekonstrukcja

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compounding

a word-formation process in which two or more individual words are combined to create a new word, typically resulting in a compound with a meaning that is related to or derived from the meanings of the individual words

kompozycja, złożenie

kompozycja, złożenie

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conversion

a word-formation process in which a word changes its grammatical category or part of speech without any accompanying morphological changes, such as when a noun becomes a verb or a verb becomes a noun

konwersja, zmiana

konwersja, zmiana

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paradigm

a systematic arrangement of inflected forms or word forms that represent the different grammatical variations of a word or morpheme

paradygmat, model

paradygmat, model

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lexicon

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

leksem, słownik

leksem, słownik

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clipping

the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables

skrócenie, przycinanie

skrócenie, przycinanie

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hypocorism

a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy

hipokoryzm

hipokoryzm

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morphemization

the process of creating or treating a group of phonological segments as a distinct morpheme, which carries meaning and can be combined with other morphemes to form words

morfemizacja, morfemizowanie

morfemizacja, morfemizowanie

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agglutination

a morphological process in language where affixes are added to a root or base word in a clear, one-to-one fashion, each affix typically expressing a single grammatical or semantic meaning, resulting in a string of affixes attached to the root without any change in the affixes themselves

aglutynacja, aglutynacja lingwistyczna

aglutynacja, aglutynacja lingwistyczna

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lexical morpheme

a type of morpheme that carries the core lexical or semantic meaning of a word

morfem leksykalny, morfem treści

morfem leksykalny, morfem treści

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vocabulary

all the words used in a particular language or subject

słownictwo

słownictwo

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derivative

(in linguistics) a word that is developed from another word or base

derywat, słowo pochodne

derywat, słowo pochodne

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base

the form to which affixes or other morphological operations are added to create a new word

podstawa, rdzeń

podstawa, rdzeń

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nominalization

a process in language where a word or phrase, typically a verb or an adjective, is transformed into a noun, either by adding a suffix or by changing its syntactic function, allowing the expression of concepts or actions as nominal entities

nominalizacja, nominalizacja językowa

nominalizacja, nominalizacja językowa

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lexicalization

a process in which a word or phrase evolves from being a combination of grammatical elements or a non-lexicalized expression to becoming an established lexical unit with its own meaning and usage

leksykalizacja, leksykalizacja

leksykalizacja, leksykalizacja

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diminutive

a word form or affix that is added to a base word to express smallness, endearment, or a sense of familiarity

diminutyw, forma zdrobnienia

diminutyw, forma zdrobnienia

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protologism

a newly created word or expression that has not yet gained widespread acceptance or recognition within a language community

protologizm

protologizm

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ghost word

a non-existent or erroneous word that has been mistakenly created and entered into a dictionary or other linguistic sources

słowo ducha, słowo widmo

słowo ducha, słowo widmo

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pseudoword

a string of letters or sounds that resemble real words but do not have any actual meaning or lexical representation in a particular language

pseudosłowo, słowo fikcyjne

pseudosłowo, słowo fikcyjne

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nonce word

a term or expression created and used for a specific occasion or context, typically with a limited or one-time purpose, and not intended for long-term or widespread usage

słowo jednorazowe, termin okazjonalny

słowo jednorazowe, termin okazjonalny

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hapax legomenon

a word or form that appears only once within a specific corpus or body of text

hapaks legomenon, hapaks

hapaks legomenon, hapaks

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morph

the smallest meaningful unit of language that carries a distinct semantic or grammatical function and cannot be further divided into smaller parts with independent meaning

morfeem, morf

morfeem, morf

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morpheme

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morfen

morfen

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functional morpheme

a type of morpheme that conveys grammatical information and serves a functional role in a sentence, rather than carrying lexical or content-related meaning

morfem funkcyjny, morfem gramatyczny

morfem funkcyjny, morfem gramatyczny

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lexical unit

(linguistics) a word, a group of words or a part of word that has a meaning and forms the basic element of any language

jednostka leksykalna, leksym

jednostka leksykalna, leksym

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portmanteau word

a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds

słowo portmanteau, słowo złożone

słowo portmanteau, słowo złożone

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lexis

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

leksis, słownictwo

leksis, słownictwo

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word

(grammar) a unit of language that has a specific meaning

słowo, termin

słowo, termin

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collocation

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

kolokacja, kombinacja słów

kolokacja, kombinacja słów

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idiom

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

idiom, wyrażenie idiomatyczne

idiom, wyrażenie idiomatyczne

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lexical ambiguity

a situation in which a word or phrase has multiple meanings or interpretations, often leading to confusion or uncertainty in understanding the intended message or context

ambiwalencja leksykalna, niejednoznaczność leksykalna

ambiwalencja leksykalna, niejednoznaczność leksykalna

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reduplication

the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function

redupikacja, powielenie

redupikacja, powielenie

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blocking

a phenomenon where the presence of one linguistic form prevents the occurrence or acceptance of another form with a similar meaning or function

blokowanie, przeszkoda

blokowanie, przeszkoda

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lexical rule

a set of principles or patterns that govern the formation or derivation of words and their meanings within a particular language or lexical system

reguła leksykalna, zasada leksykalna

reguła leksykalna, zasada leksykalna

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sniglet

a playful, made-up word used to describe something for which there is no existing term, often adding humor and creativity to language

sniglet, wymyślone słowo

sniglet, wymyślone słowo

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phono-semantic matching

the process in which a new word or morpheme is created by combining a sound component that resembles an existing word with a semantic component that reflects its meaning

dopasowanie fonosemantyczne, matching fonosemantyczny

dopasowanie fonosemantyczne, matching fonosemantyczny

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