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Lingvistika - Morfologie a lexikologie

Zde se naučíte některá anglická slova související s morfologií a lexikologií, jako je „affix“, „stem“ a „lexeme“.

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Words Related to Linguistics
abbreviation
[Podstatné jméno]

the shortened form of a word, etc.

zkratka, zkrácenina

zkratka, zkrácenina

Ex: When writing a report , be sure to define abbreviations the first time you use them .
affixation
[Podstatné jméno]

a process in morphology where affixes, which are bound morphemes, are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify the meaning or grammatical function of existing words

afixace, připojení afixu

afixace, připojení afixu

affix
[Podstatné jméno]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

afix, přípona

afix, přípona

Ex: In linguisticsaffixes play a crucial role in word formation and derivation .
contraction
[Podstatné jméno]

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

zkrátka, kontrakce

zkrátka, kontrakce

Ex: Contractions are often used in informal writing and speech .
prefix
[Podstatné jméno]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

předpona, předložka

předpona, předložka

Ex: The dictionary provided a list prefixes and their meanings to help with word formation and understanding .
ending
[Podstatné jméno]

the last part of a word, added to the main part

koncovka, přípona

koncovka, přípona

suffix
[Podstatné jméno]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

přípona, koncovka

přípona, koncovka

Ex: Students practiced adding different suffixes to root words to see how their meanings changed.
acronym
[Podstatné jméno]

a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word

akronym, zkratka

akronym, zkratka

Ex: The company name was created as acronym from its founders ' initials .
blending
[Podstatné jméno]

a process in language where two or more words are combined to create a new word that retains elements or sounds from the original words

směsování, kompozice

směsování, kompozice

numeronym
[Podstatné jméno]

a type of abbreviation in which a word or phrase is represented by a series of numbers, with the numbers typically corresponding to the number of letters omitted between the first and last letter of the word or phrase

číslená zkratka, numeronym

číslená zkratka, numeronym

bound morpheme
[Podstatné jméno]

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word and must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning

vázaný morfém, připojený morfém

vázaný morfém, připojený morfém

circumfix
[Podstatné jméno]

a type of affix that consists of two parts, one attached to the beginning of a word and the other attached to the end

circumfix, obvodový afix

circumfix, obvodový afix

transfixation
[Podstatné jméno]

a morphological process in which a segment or a group of segments is inserted within a word, typically resulting in a change of the word's meaning or grammatical category

transfixace, transfixování

transfixace, transfixování

analogy
[Podstatné jméno]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analogie, analogie podle vzoru

analogie, analogie podle vzoru

Ex: The study analogy shows how language adapts to the needs of its speakers .
coinage
[Podstatné jméno]

the process of inventing a word

výroba nových slov, slovotvorba

výroba nových slov, slovotvorba

stem
[Podstatné jméno]

the core or base form of a word to which affixes, such as prefixes, suffixes, infixes, etc. can be attached

kmen, základ

kmen, základ

root
[Podstatné jméno]

the core lexical unit from which words are derived and carries the central meaning of a word

kořen, základ

kořen, základ

free morpheme
[Podstatné jméno]

a morpheme that can function as an independent word in a language

volný morfém, samostatný morfém

volný morfém, samostatný morfém

infix
[Podstatné jméno]

a type of bound morpheme that is inserted within a word

infix, vložka

infix, vložka

clitic
[Podstatné jméno]

a linguistic element that functions as a word but behaves phonologically or syntactically as a bound morpheme, often attaching to other words and lacking independent stress or full syntactic independence

klitikum, klitika

klitikum, klitika

word formation
[Podstatné jméno]

the process of creating new words or modifying existing ones through morphological and lexical mechanisms in a language

tvorba slov, slovotvorba

tvorba slov, slovotvorba

lexeme
[Podstatné jméno]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

lexém, lexémová jednotka

lexém, lexémová jednotka

Ex: lexemes helps in identifying patterns of word formation and usage across different linguistic contexts .
derivation
[Podstatné jméno]

a morphological process in language where new words are formed by adding affixes or making internal modifications to a base or root word, resulting in a change in meaning, part of speech, or both

derivace, odvození

derivace, odvození

inflection
[Podstatné jméno]

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

inflekce, ohýbání

inflekce, ohýbání

Ex: inflection is essential for mastering highly inflected languages like Finnish .
back-formation
[Podstatné jméno]

a word-formation process in which a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly perceived as a derivative affix from an existing word, often resulting in a shorter word with a different part of speech

zpětná derivace, zpětná formace

zpětná derivace, zpětná formace

compounding
[Podstatné jméno]

a word-formation process in which two or more individual words are combined to create a new word, typically resulting in a compound with a meaning that is related to or derived from the meanings of the individual words

kompozice, složenina

kompozice, složenina

conversion
[Podstatné jméno]

a word-formation process in which a word changes its grammatical category or part of speech without any accompanying morphological changes, such as when a noun becomes a verb or a verb becomes a noun

konverze, převedení

konverze, převedení

paradigm
[Podstatné jméno]

a systematic arrangement of inflected forms or word forms that represent the different grammatical variations of a word or morpheme

paradigma, morfologický vzor

paradigma, morfologický vzor

lexicon
[Podstatné jméno]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

lexikon, slovník

lexikon, slovník

Ex: Building a lexicon through reading and exposure to different contexts enriches one 's language skills and communication abilities .
clipping
[Podstatné jméno]

the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables

klipování, krácení

klipování, krácení

Ex: The process of clipping often retains the original word's meaning and can occur in various parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
hypocorism
[Podstatné jméno]

a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy

hypokorismus, diminutiv

hypokorismus, diminutiv

Ex: The formation hypocorisms can involve various linguistic processes such as clipping , adding diminutive suffixes , or phonetic modification .
morphemization
[Podstatné jméno]

the process of creating or treating a group of phonological segments as a distinct morpheme, which carries meaning and can be combined with other morphemes to form words

morfemizace, morfematizace

morfemizace, morfematizace

agglutination
[Podstatné jméno]

a linguistic process where affixes attach to a root word, each keeping a distinct meaning and form

lexical morpheme
[Podstatné jméno]

a type of morpheme that carries the core lexical or semantic meaning of a word

lexikální morfém, lexikální morfema

lexikální morfém, lexikální morfema

vocabulary
[Podstatné jméno]

all the words used in a particular language or subject

slovní zásoba, vocabulary

slovní zásoba, vocabulary

Ex: She uses a vocabulary app on her phone to learn new English words.
derivative
[Podstatné jméno]

(in linguistics) a word that is developed from another word or base

derivát, odvozenina

derivát, odvozenina

Ex: Linguists analyze derivatives evolve over time .
base
[Podstatné jméno]

the form to which affixes or other morphological operations are added to create a new word

 základ ,  báze

základ , báze

nominalization
[Podstatné jméno]

a process in language where a word or phrase, typically a verb or an adjective, is transformed into a noun, either by adding a suffix or by changing its syntactic function, allowing the expression of concepts or actions as nominal entities

nominalizace, nominalizování

nominalizace, nominalizování

lexicalization
[Podstatné jméno]

a process in which a word or phrase evolves from being a combination of grammatical elements or a non-lexicalized expression to becoming an established lexical unit with its own meaning and usage

lexikalizace, lexikální ustálení

lexikalizace, lexikální ustálení

diminutive
[Podstatné jméno]

a word form or affix that is added to a base word to express smallness, endearment, or a sense of familiarity

zdrobnělina, diminutivum

zdrobnělina, diminutivum

Ex: "Teacup" is a diminutive form of "cup," indicating a smaller version.
protologism
[Podstatné jméno]

a newly created word or expression that has not yet gained widespread acceptance or recognition within a language community

protologismus, novotvar

protologismus, novotvar

ghost word
[Podstatné jméno]

a non-existent or erroneous word that has been mistakenly created and entered into a dictionary or other linguistic sources

ghost word, falešné slovo

ghost word, falešné slovo

pseudoword
[Podstatné jméno]

a string of letters or sounds that resemble real words but do not have any actual meaning or lexical representation in a particular language

pseudoslovo, falešné slovo

pseudoslovo, falešné slovo

nonce word
[Podstatné jméno]

a term or expression created and used for a specific occasion or context, typically with a limited or one-time purpose, and not intended for long-term or widespread usage

nonce slovo, slangový výraz

nonce slovo, slangový výraz

hapax legomenon
[Podstatné jméno]

a word or form that appears only once within a specific corpus or body of text

hapax legomenon, jedině se vyskytující slovo

hapax legomenon, jedině se vyskytující slovo

morph
[Podstatné jméno]

the smallest meaningful unit of language that carries a distinct semantic or grammatical function and cannot be further divided into smaller parts with independent meaning

morf, morfém

morf, morfém

morpheme
[Podstatné jméno]

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morpém, morfém

morpém, morfém

Ex: The study morphemes, known as morphology , examines how these units combine to create complex words .
functional morpheme
[Podstatné jméno]

a type of morpheme that conveys grammatical information and serves a functional role in a sentence, rather than carrying lexical or content-related meaning

funkční morfém, gramatický morfém

funkční morfém, gramatický morfém

lexical unit
[Podstatné jméno]

(linguistics) a word, a group of words or a part of word that has a meaning and forms the basic element of any language

lexikální jednotka, lexikální unit

lexikální jednotka, lexikální unit

portmanteau word
[Podstatné jméno]

a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds

portmanteau slovo, slabikářové slovo

portmanteau slovo, slabikářové slovo

Ex: The creation portmanteau words can be playful and creative , as seen in " chillax , " a combination of " chill " and " relax . "
lexis
[Podstatné jméno]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

lexis, lexik

lexis, lexik

word
[Podstatné jméno]

(grammar) a unit of language that has a specific meaning

slovo, výraz

slovo, výraz

Ex: Understanding word in a sentence helps with comprehension .
collocation
[Podstatné jméno]

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

kolekce slov, kombinace slov

kolekce slov, kombinace slov

Ex: The teacher explained the meaning of collocation.
idiom
[Podstatné jméno]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

idiom, fráze

idiom, fráze

Ex: idiom ' piece of cake ' refers to something that is very easy to do , which has nothing to do with an actual piece of dessert .
lexical ambiguity
[Podstatné jméno]

a situation in which a word or phrase has multiple meanings or interpretations, often leading to confusion or uncertainty in understanding the intended message or context

lexikální nejednoznačnost, lexikální ambiguity

lexikální nejednoznačnost, lexikální ambiguity

reduplication
[Podstatné jméno]

the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function

redupikace, redublikace

redupikace, redublikace

Ex: Reduplication can serve various functions across languages , including emphasis , diminishment , or the creation of onomatopoeic expressions .
blocking
[Podstatné jméno]

a phenomenon where the presence of one linguistic form prevents the occurrence or acceptance of another form with a similar meaning or function

blokování, blokace

blokování, blokace

lexical rule
[Podstatné jméno]

a set of principles or patterns that govern the formation or derivation of words and their meanings within a particular language or lexical system

lexikální pravidlo, lexikální norma

lexikální pravidlo, lexikální norma

sniglet
[Podstatné jméno]

a playful, made-up word used to describe something for which there is no existing term, often adding humor and creativity to language

vymyslené slovo, hravé slovo

vymyslené slovo, hravé slovo

phono-semantic matching
[Podstatné jméno]

the process in which a new word or morpheme is created by combining a sound component that resembles an existing word with a semantic component that reflects its meaning

fonosémantické párování, fonosemantická shoda

fonosémantické párování, fonosemantická shoda

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