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Total English - Upper-intermediate - Unit 9 - Reference

Here you will find the vocabulary from Unit 9 - Reference in the Total English Upper-Intermediate coursebook, such as "clash", "forensic", "tongue-tied", etc.

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Total English - Upper-intermediate
crime
crime
[noun]

an unlawful act that is punishable by the legal system

Ex: The police are investigating the crime that occurred last night. 
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judge
judge
[noun]

the official in charge of a court who decides on legal matters

Ex: The judge listened to both sides of the case before making a ruling. 
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robbery
robbery
[noun]

the crime of stealing money or goods from someone or somewhere, especially by violence or threat

Ex: The bank was the target of a robbery, with the thieves escaping with a large sum of money. 
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thief
thief
[noun]

someone who steals something from a person or place without using violence or threats

Ex: The thief was caught on camera as he sneaked into the store and took a handful of electronics. 
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fingerprint

a mark made by the unique pattern of lines on the tip of a person's finger, can be used to find out who has committed a crime

Ex: Detectives found a clear fingerprint on the window sill, leading to the identification of the burglar. 
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fine
fine
[noun]

an amount of money that must be paid as a legal punishment

Ex: He had to pay a hefty fine for speeding on the highway. 
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victim
victim
[noun]

a person who has been harmed, injured, or killed due to a crime, accident, etc.

Ex: The victim of the robbery was left shaken but unharmed after the ordeal. 
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criminal
criminal
[noun]

a person who does or is involved in an illegal activity

Ex: The police arrested the criminal after a long investigation. 
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punishment

the act of making someone suffer because they have done something illegal or wrong

Ex: The judge handed down a severe punishment to the convicted criminal, sentencing them to several years in prison. 
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community service

unpaid work done either as a form of punishment by a criminal or as a voluntary service by a citizen

Ex: After being convicted of vandalism, he was sentenced to 100 hours of community service. 
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to suspect

to think that something is probably true, especially something bad, without having proof

Ex: I suspect he's been lying about where he was last night. 
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innocent
innocent
[Adjective]

not having committed a wrongdoing or offense

Ex: The evidence presented in court proved that he was innocent of the crime he was accused of. 
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guilty
guilty
[Adjective]

responsible for an illegal act or wrongdoing

Ex: He pleaded guilty to the charges in court. 
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witness
witness
[noun]

a person who sees an event, especially a criminal scene

Ex: The witness gave a detailed account of what happened during the burglary. 
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evidence
evidence
[noun]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

Ex: The prosecution presented compelling evidence, including DNA analysis and eyewitness testimony, to support their case. 
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petty
petty
[Adjective]

relating to minor or unimportant crimes

Ex: He was arrested for a petty theft. 
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to suspend

to temporarily prevent someone from going to school as a punishment because they did something wrong

Ex: The student was suspended for a week after the incident in the hallway. 
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sentence
sentence
[noun]

the punishment that the court assigned for a guilty person

Ex: The judge handed down a life sentence for the crime. 
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prison
prison
[noun]

a building where people who did something illegal, such as stealing, murder, etc., are kept as a punishment

Ex: He was sentenced to ten years in prison for his involvement in the robbery. 
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graffiti
graffiti
[noun]

pictures or words that are drawn on a public surface such as walls, doors, trains, etc.

Ex: The city launched a program to clean up graffiti from buildings and public spaces to improve the neighborhood's appearance. 
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vandalism
vandalism
[noun]

the illegal act of purposefully damaging a property belonging to another person or organization

Ex: After the vandalism of the public library, the community came together to clean and restore the damaged areas. 
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forensic
forensic
[Adjective]

related to the use of scientific techniques when trying to know more about a crime

Ex: The forensic team collected DNA, fingerprint, and fiber evidence from the crime scene. 
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to commit
to commit
[Verb]

to do a particular thing that is unlawful or wrong

Ex: He was arrested for attempting to commit fraud by falsifying financial documents. 
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arson
arson
[noun]

the criminal act of setting something on fire, particularly a building

Ex: The fire department suspects arson as the cause of the warehouse fire. 
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fraud
fraud
[noun]

the act of cheating in order to make illegal money

Ex: He was arrested for fraud after it was discovered that he had been falsifying financial records for years. 
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to arrest
to arrest
[Verb]

(of law enforcement agencies) to take a person away because they believe that they have done something illegal

Ex: The police officer decided to arrest the suspect after gathering sufficient evidence. 
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to convict

to announce officially that someone is guilty of a crime in a court of law

Ex: The jury deliberated and decided to convict the defendant of murder. 
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to sentence

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

Ex: The judge will sentence the convicted criminal to five years in prison. 
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to get away with

to escape punishment for one's wrong actions

Ex: Some white-collar criminals try to get away with embezzling money from their companies. 
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to sue
to sue
[Verb]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

Ex: The dissatisfied customer decided to sue the company for breach of contract. 
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to insure
to insure
[Verb]

to make sure or certain that something will happen or be done correctly

Ex: He took extra precautions to insure the safety of the workers on site. 
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claim
claim
[noun]

a statement about the truth of something without offering any verification or proof

Ex: His claim that he had seen a UFO was met with skepticism. 
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premium
premium
[noun]

the amount of money paid to an insurance company in exchange for coverage or protection against specified risks or potential losses

Ex: She pays a monthly premium for her health insurance. 
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middle-aged
middle-aged
[Adjective]

(of a person) approximately between 45 to 65 years old, typically indicating a stage of life between young adulthood and old age

Ex: The middle-aged man enjoyed his evening walks in the park. 
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well-dressed
well-dressed
[Adjective]

wearing clothes that are stylish or expensive

Ex: He always looks well-dressed, whether in casual wear or a formal suit. 
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far-fetched
far-fetched
[Adjective]

not probable and difficult to believe

Ex: His explanation for being late was so far-fetched that no one believed him. 
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tongue-tied
tongue-tied
[Adjective]

unable to speak clearly or express oneself due to nervousness, shyness, or confusion

Ex: He felt tongue-tied during the interview, unable to answer the questions smoothly. 
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pig-headedly
pig-headedly
[Adverb]

in a stubborn, unyielding, and inflexible manner

Ex: He pig-headedly dismissed every suggestion, no matter how reasonable. 
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to gift-wrap

to wrap something, usually a present, in decorative paper or packaging

Ex: She carefully gift-wrapped the birthday present. 
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fireproof
fireproof
[Adjective]

resistant to melting under high temperatures, catching fire, or burning

Ex: The building was made with fireproof materials. 
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to aid
to aid
[Verb]

to help or support others in doing something

Ex: The organization aids communities affected by natural disasters. 
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to ax
to ax
[Verb]

to chop or cut with an axe or similar tool

Ex: He axed the fallen tree into smaller pieces. 
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to back
to back
[Verb]

to support someone or something

Ex: The team decided to back their captain's decision during the crucial match. 
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to bid
to bid
[Verb]

to try to achieve something

Ex: The company is bidding to secure the contract for the new infrastructure project. 
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blast
blast
[noun]

a sudden and violent release of energy, producing an explosion

Ex: The demolition team set off a controlled blast. 
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blaze
blaze
[noun]

a strong, bright flame or fire

Ex: The firefighters struggled to control the raging blaze. 
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clash
clash
[noun]

a serious argument between two sides caused by their different views and beliefs

Ex: The clash between the two political parties escalated into a heated debate over healthcare reform. 
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drama
drama
[noun]

a situation or event involving a lot of action and excitement, rooted in contrasting elements or forces

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to hit
to hit
[Verb]

to affect someone or something, especially in a bad way

Ex: Losing my job really hit me hard. 
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key
key
[Adjective]

essential and highly important to a particular process, situation, or outcome

Ex: The key factor in his success was his persistence and determination. 
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plea
plea
[noun]

(law) a formal statement made by someone confirming or denying their accusation

Ex: The defendant entered a plea of not guilty to the charges. 
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to quit
to quit
[Verb]

to stop engaging in an activity permanently

Ex: The company plans to quit using single-use plastics to reduce environmental impact. 
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to [catch] {sb} red-handed

to arrest or see someone the moment they are doing something that is illegal or dishonest

Ex: The neighbor caught the children red-handed when they were throwing rocks at his car, leaving visible dents. 
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