كتاب Total English - متوسط - الوحدة 8-المرجع

a profession or a series of professions that one can do for a long period of one's life

مهنة, وظيفة

a permanent change in global or regional climate patterns, including temperature, wind, and rainfall

تغير المناخ

related to or involving the governance of a country or territory

سياسي

a mutual understanding or agreement established between people

ترتيب, اتفاق

the way in which a person's hair is arranged or cut

تسريحة الشعر, أسلوب الشعر

a sequence of musical notes arranged in a specific order to create a recognizable piece of music

لحن, نغمة

in opposition to someone or something

ضد, مضاد لـ

a country's rules that all of its citizens are required to obey

قانون

(law) the procedure of formally asking a higher court to dismiss and reverse the decision made by a lower court

استئناف, طعون

prohibited or not allowed by law, rule, or authority

محظور, ممنوع

(of law enforcement agencies) to take a person away because they believe that they have done something illegal

توقيف, اعتقال

an amount of money that must be paid as a legal punishment

غرامة, عقوبة مالية

forbidden by the law

غير قانوني, محظور

the study or art of building and designing houses

الهندسة المعمارية

a structure that has walls, a roof, and sometimes many levels, like an apartment, house, school, etc.

مبنى, هيكل

a state of being overcrowded or blocked, particularly in a street or road

ازدحام, اختناق

the act or process of making or building a house, bridge, machine, etc.

بناء, إنشاء

to make a hole or opening in something using a rotating tool

ثقب, الحفر

the toxic gases and particles that are released from the exhaust system of a vehicle and other sources

أبخرة العادم, غازات العادم

a period of hot weather, usually hotter and longer than before

موجة حارة, موجة حرارة

a device placed inside of a vehicle that makes an alarming and loud sound, used to give a warning or signal to others

بوق, مزمار

to cause a horn, particularly of a vehicle, to make a loud noise

يُزَمّر, يُطلق بوقاً

a time of day at which traffic is the heaviest because people are leaving for work or home

ساعة الذروة, وقت الذروة

in a way that is very bad or unpleasant

بشكل رهيب, بشكل سيئ جدا

a very tall building that is divided into several apartments or offices

برج سكني, مبنى شاهق

a large number of bikes, cars, buses, etc. that are waiting in lines behind each other which move very slowly

اختناق مروري, ازدحام مروري

a state of frustration or anxiety caused by opposing desires or feelings at the same time

صراع, تناقض

to make someone regain their health

عالج, شفى

an amount of money or a favor that is owed

دين

an illness in a human, animal, or plant that affects health

مرض, داء

trading practices that do not put consumers at a disadvantage

تجارة عادلة, ممارسات تجارية عادلة

the increase in the average temperature of the Earth as a result of the greenhouse effect

الاحتباس الحراري, زيادة درجة حرارة الأرض

the activity of working on a farm and growing crops or producing animal products by raising them

الزراعة, العمل في المزرعة

the number of deaths in a particular population over a specific period of time, usually expressed as a ratio or percentage

معدل الوفيات, نسبة الوفيات

(of food or farming techniques) produced or done without any artificial or chemical substances

عضوي, طبيعي

a period or state where there is no war or violence

سلام

a change in water, air, etc. that makes it harmful or dangerous

تلوث, تغيير ضار

the condition of lacking enough money or income to afford basic needs like food, clothing, etc.

فقر

the process of making waste products usable again

إعادة التدوير

energy that is generated from the sun's radiation using solar panels, which convert sunlight into electricity

الطاقة الشمسية, قدرة شمسية

the level of wealth, welfare, comfort, and necessities available to an individual, group, country, etc.

a state of armed fighting between two or more groups, nations, or states

حرب

abundance of money, property or valuable possessions

ثروة, غنى

to move to a higher position or rank

ترقي, رفع

to present or propose something to someone

عرض, اقترح

an act of raising someone to a higher rank or position

ترقية

any of the available possibilities that one can choose from

بديل, خيار

to give up your job, school, etc.

استقال, ترك

to feel sad, sorry, or disappointed about something that has happened or something that you have done, often wishing it had been different

يأسف, يستاء

to devote one's time and energy to doing or finishing something one was nervous about

a person who offers to do something, often without being asked or without expecting payment

متطوع, متطوعة