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Vocabulaire Essentiel pour le TOEFL - Langues et Grammaire

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur la langue et la grammaire, tels que "contraction", "voix", "syllabe", etc., qui sont nécessaires pour l'examen TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
abbreviation

the shortened form of a word, etc.

abréviation

abréviation

Ex: In formal writing, it is important to spell out the term before using its abbreviation. 

Dans l'écriture formelle, il est important d'épeler le terme avant d'utiliser son abréviation.

contraction

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

contraction

contraction

Ex: When writing informally, contractions make the language feel more relaxed. 

Lorsqu'on écrit de manière informelle, les contractions rendent le langage plus détendu.

dialect
dialect
[nom]

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

dialecte

dialecte

Ex: Regional dialects in English, such as British English, American English, and Australian English, vary in pronunciation, vocabulary, and even grammar rules. 

Les dialectes régionaux en anglais, tels que l'anglais britannique, l'anglais américain et l'anglais australien, varient en prononciation, vocabulaire et même en règles grammaticales.

accent
accent
[nom]

a manner of speaking that indicates social class, nationality, or locality of the speaker

accent

accent

apostrophe

the symbol ' used in writing to show possession or omission of letters or numbers

apostrophe

apostrophe

Ex: Use an apostrophe to show possession, as in "Jessica's book." 

Utilisez une apostrophe pour indiquer la possession, comme dans "le livre de Jessica".

article
article
[nom]

(grammar) any type of determiner that shows whether we are referring to a particular thing or a general example of something

article

article

Ex: She struggled with choosing the correct article when writing about general and specific subjects. 

Elle a eu du mal à choisir le bon article en écrivant sur des sujets généraux et spécifiques.

agreement

(grammar) the situation where words in a phrase have the same gender, person, or number

accord

accord

number
number
[nom]

(grammar) the form of a word that indicates whether one, two, or more things or people are being referred to

nombre

nombre

Ex: The subject-verb agreement rule states that a singular subject must agree with a singular verb in number, while a plural subject must agree with a plural verb. 

La règle d'accord sujet-verbe stipule qu'un sujet singulier doit s'accorder avec un verbe singulier en nombre, tandis qu'un sujet pluriel doit s'accorder avec un verbe pluriel.

syllable

a word or part of a word, which contains a vowel sound and usually one or more consonants

syllabe

syllabe

Ex: She broke the word "fantastic" into syllables to help her spell it correctly. 

Elle a divisé le mot «fantastique» en syllabes pour l'aider à l'orthographier correctement.

vowel
vowel
[nom]

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced without interfering with the flow of air coming through the mouth or nose

voyelle

voyelle

Ex: The word 'cat' contains a single vowel, while 'elephant' has three vowels. 

Le mot 'chat' contient une seule voyelle, tandis que 'éléphant' en a trois.

consonant

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced by interfering with or stopping the flow of air through the mouth or nose

consonne

consonne

Ex: In the English alphabet, there are 21 consonants and 5 vowels. 

Dans l'alphabet anglais, il y a 21 consonnes et 5 voyelles.

voice
voice
[nom]

(grammar) the form of a verb that indicates whether the subject does something or something is done to it

voix

voix

Ex: In English grammar, the passive voice is used when the subject of a sentence is acted upon by the verb, rather than performing the action itself. 

En grammaire anglaise, la voix passive est utilisée lorsque le sujet d'une phrase est agi par le verbe, plutôt que de réaliser l'action lui-même.

auxiliary

a verb that supports or helps another verb to form different tenses, moods, or voices

auxiliaire

auxiliaire

Ex: The sentence She does not like coffee uses "does" as an auxiliary to form the negative. 

La phrase « Elle n'aime pas le café » utilise "does" comme auxiliaire pour former la négative.

complement

a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a grammatical expression

complément

complément

Ex: The verb become requires a complement to finish its meaning. 

Le verbe devenir nécessite un complément pour achever son sens.

compound
compound
[Adjectif]

(of a word) formed by combining two or more separate words

composé

composé

Ex: A compound noun like "toothbrush" combines "tooth" and "brush." 

Un nom composé comme "brosse à dents" combine "dent" et "brosse".

conjunction

(grammar) a word such as and, because, but, and or that connects phrases, sentences, or words

conjonction

conjonction

Ex: The grammar quiz tested students on their ability to identify and correctly use subordinating conjunctions. 

Le quiz de grammaire a testé les élèves sur leur capacité à identifier et à utiliser correctement les conjonctions de subordination.

prepositional
prepositional
[Adjectif]

(grammar) formed with or connected to a preposition

prépositionnel

prépositionnel

determiner

(grammar) a word coming before a noun or noun phrase to specify its denotation

déterminant

déterminant

fluency
fluency
[nom]

the quality of being able to speak or write very well and easily in a foreign language

aisance

aisance

Ex: Fluency in English is required for many international job positions. 

La maîtrise de l'anglais est requise pour de nombreux postes internationaux.

gerund
gerund
[nom]

(grammar) a form of a verb that functions as a noun and is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the base form of the verb

gérondif

gérondif

Ex: Examples of gerunds include "swimming," "reading," and "writing." 

Exemples de gérondifs incluent "nager", "lire" et "écrire".

collocation

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

collocation

collocation

Ex: She studied collocations to improve her fluency and sound more like a native speaker. 

Elle a étudié les collocations pour améliorer sa fluidité et paraître plus comme un locuteur natif.

idiom
idiom
[nom]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

expression idiomatique

expression idiomatique

Ex: When someone says 'it's raining cats and dogs,' they're using an idiom to describe very heavy rain, not an actual downpour of animals. 

Quand quelqu'un dit 'il pleut des cordes,' il utilise une expression idiomatique pour décrire une pluie très forte, pas une véritable averse d'animaux.

slang
slang
[nom]

words or expressions that are very informal and more common in spoken form, used especially by a particular group of people, such as criminals, children, etc.

argot

argot

Ex: In the 1920s, 'the bee's knees' was popular slang for something outstanding or extraordinary. 

Dans les années 1920, 'the bee's knees' était un argot populaire pour quelque chose d'exceptionnel ou d'extraordinaire.

proverb
proverb
[nom]

a well-known statement or phrase that expresses a general truth or gives advice

proverbe

proverbe

Ex: The proverb 'A stitch in time saves nine' advises that addressing problems early can prevent them from becoming larger issues. 

Le proverbe 'Un point à temps en épargne cent' conseille que résoudre les problèmes tôt peut éviter qu'ils ne deviennent plus graves.

imperative
imperative
[Adjectif]

(of grammar) asserting a command or order

impératif

impératif

Ex: The imperative form of the verb is used to give direct orders. 

La forme impérative du verbe est utilisée pour donner des ordres directs.

interjection

(grammar) a phrase or word used suddenly to express a particular emotion

interjection

interjection

Ex: She used the word 'interjection' in her English essay to demonstrate her understanding of grammar. 

Elle a utilisé le mot interjection dans sa dissertation en anglais pour démontrer sa compréhension de la grammaire.

intonation

(phonetics) the rising and falling of the voice when speaking

intonation

intonation

Ex: Different languages have distinct intonation patterns, such as the rising intonation at the end of yes-no questions in English, as in 'Are you coming? 

Les différentes langues ont des schémas d'intonation distincts, comme l'intonation montante à la fin des questions fermées en anglais, comme dans 'Are you coming?'

transitive
transitive
[Adjectif]

(grammar) describing a verb that needs a direct object

transitif

transitif

intransitive
intransitive
[Adjectif]

(grammar) describing a verb that does not take a direct object

intransitif

intransitif

linguistic
linguistic
[Adjectif]

related to the science of language, including its structure, usage, and evolution

linguistique

linguistique

Ex: The linguistic diversity of the world's languages is a topic of interest for linguists studying language typology. 

La diversité linguistique des langues du monde est un sujet d'intérêt pour les linguistes étudiant la typologie linguistique.

metaphor

a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things to highlight their similarities and convey a deeper meaning

métaphore

métaphore

Ex: In the novel, the storm is a metaphor for the chaos in the protagonist's life. 

Dans le roman, la tempête est une métaphore du chaos dans la vie du protagoniste.

progressive
progressive
[Adjectif]

(grammar) describing a form of a verb that indicates an action is continuing

progressif

progressif

Ex: In the sentence 'She is reading a book,' the verb 'is reading' is in the present progressive form. 

Dans la phrase 'Elle lit un livre', le verbe 'lit' est à la forme progressive du présent.

punctuation

the use of marks such as a period, comma, etc. in writing to divide sentences and phrases to better convey meaning

punctuation

punctuation

Ex: Proper punctuation is essential for making your writing clear and easy to understand. 

La ponctuation est essentielle pour rendre votre écriture claire et facile à comprendre.

quote
quote
[nom]

a sentence from a speech, book, etc. that is repeated somewhere else because it is wise or interesting

citation

citation

Ex: She framed her favorite quote, "Carpe diem," and hung it above her desk as a daily inspiration. 

Elle a encadré sa citation préférée, "Carpe diem", et l'a accrochée au-dessus de son bureau comme une inspiration quotidienne.

double negative

a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

double négation

double négation

Ex: The phrase "I don't know nothing about it" uses a double negative, which actually means "I know something about it." 

L'expression "Je ne sais rien à ce sujet" utilise une double négation, ce qui signifie en réalité "Je sais quelque chose à ce sujet."

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