pattern

TOEFL のための基本語彙 - 言語と文法

ここでは、TOEFL試験に必要な「contraction」、「voice」、「syllable」などの言語と文法に関するいくつかの英単語を学びます。

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
abbreviation
abbreviation
[名詞]

the shortened form of a word, etc.

略語, 省略形

略語, 省略形

Ex: When writing a report, be sure to define any abbreviations the first time you use them. 

レポートを書く際は、初めて使用する略語を必ず定義してください。

contraction
contraction
[名詞]

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

短縮, 短縮形

短縮, 短縮形

Ex: In casual speech, contractions like "don't" and "didn't" are frequently used. 

カジュアルなスピーチでは、「しない」や「しなかった」のような短縮形が頻繁に使われます。

dialect
dialect
[名詞]

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

方言, なまり

方言, なまり

Ex: A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a particular group of people, characterized by unique vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. 

方言は、特定の人々のグループによって話される言語の一種で、独自の語彙、文法、発音によって特徴づけられます。

accent
accent
[名詞]

a distinctive way of pronouncing a language associated with a particular region, country, or social group

アクセント,  なまり

アクセント, なまり

Ex: Maria speaks English with a slight Spanish accent. 
apostrophe
apostrophe
[名詞]

the symbol ' used in writing to show possession or omission of letters or numbers

アポストロフィ, アポストロフィの記号

アポストロフィ, アポストロフィの記号

Ex: The apostrophe in "can't" indicates the omission of the letter "o." 

"can't"のアポストロフィは、文字"o"の省略を示しています。

article
article
[名詞]

(grammar) any type of determiner that shows whether we are referring to a particular thing or a general example of something

冠詞

冠詞

Ex: The teacher explained that 'the' is a definite article used to refer to specific items. 
agreement
agreement
[名詞]

(grammar) the situation where words in a phrase have the same gender, person, or number

一致, 合意

一致, 合意

Ex: In English, subjects and verbs must show agreement in number. 
number
number
[名詞]

(grammar) the form of a word that indicates whether one, two, or more things or people are being referred to

数, 文法上の数

数, 文法上の数

Ex: When writing essays, it's important to pay attention to the number of nouns and pronouns used to ensure consistency and clarity throughout the text. 
syllable
syllable
[名詞]

a word or part of a word, which contains a vowel sound and usually one or more consonants

音節, 音

音節, 音

Ex: The word "apple" has two syllables. 

「りんご」という単語は二つの音節から成ります。

vowel
vowel
[名詞]

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced without interfering with the flow of air coming through the mouth or nose

母音, 母音の音

母音, 母音の音

Ex: He practiced pronouncing each vowel clearly to improve his accent. 

彼はアクセントを改善するために、各母音をはっきりと発音する練習をした。

consonant
consonant
[名詞]

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced by interfering with or stopping the flow of air through the mouth or nose

子音, 子音の音

子音, 子音の音

Ex: The poem had a pleasing rhythm because of the repeated consonant sounds. 

その詩は、繰り返される子音の音のために心地よいリズムを持っていた。

voice
voice
[名詞]

(grammar) the form of a verb that indicates whether the subject does something or something is done to it

態, 動詞の態

態, 動詞の態

Ex: In passive voice constructions, the object of the action becomes the subject of the sentence, often resulting in a less clear or concise expression of ideas. 
auxiliary
auxiliary
[名詞]

a verb that supports or helps another verb to form different tenses, moods, or voices

助動詞

助動詞

Ex: In the sentence “She is running,” the verb "is" acts as an auxiliary to form the present continuous tense. 

「彼女は走っている」という文で、動詞「is」は現在進行形を形成するための助動詞として機能します。

complement
complement
[名詞]

a word, phrase, or clause that completes the meaning or grammatical structure of an expression

補語,  補部

補語, 補部

Ex: In "She became a doctor," "a doctor" functions as a complement. 
compound
compound
[形容詞]

formed from two or more words or meaningful word elements

複合, 合成

複合, 合成

Ex: Bedroom is a compound word formed from bed and room. 
conjunction
conjunction
[名詞]

a word or expression that connects words, phrases, or clauses

接続詞

接続詞

Ex: In the sentence "Mia stayed home because she was sick," "because" is a conjunction. 
prepositional
prepositional
[形容詞]

(grammar) formed with or connected to a preposition

前置詞の, 前置詞に関連する

前置詞の, 前置詞に関連する

determiner
determiner
[名詞]

(grammar) a word coming before a noun or noun phrase to specify its denotation

限定詞, 冠詞

限定詞, 冠詞

fluency
fluency
[名詞]

the quality of being able to speak or write very well and easily in a foreign language

流暢さ, 熟達

流暢さ, 熟達

Ex: She achieved fluency in Spanish after living in Mexico for two years. 

彼女はメキシコに2年間住んだ後、スペイン語の流暢さを達成しました。

gerund
gerund
[名詞]

(grammar) a form of a verb that functions as a noun and is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the base form of the verb

動名詞, 名詞として機能する動詞の形

動名詞, 名詞として機能する動詞の形

Ex: A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun, ending in "-ing." 

動名詞は、名詞として機能する動詞の形で、"-ing"で終わります。

collocation
collocation
[名詞]

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

コロケーション, 語の組み合わせ

コロケーション, 語の組み合わせ

Ex: In language learning, understanding collocations helps in using words in their most natural and common combinations. 

言語学習において、コロケーションを理解することは、単語を最も自然で一般的な組み合わせで使用するのに役立ちます。

idiom
idiom
[名詞]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

慣用句, イディオム

慣用句, イディオム

Ex: The idiom 'kick the bucket' means to die, and its meaning is quite different from the literal interpretation of kicking a bucket. 

イディオム 'kick the bucket' は死ぬことを意味し、その意味はバケツを蹴るという文字通りの解釈とはかなり異なります。

slang
slang
[名詞]

words or expressions that are very informal and more common in spoken form, used especially by a particular group of people, such as criminals, children, etc.

スラング, 俗語

スラング, 俗語

Ex: Teenagers often use slang like 'lit' to describe something that is exciting or excellent, which may not be easily understood by older generations. 

ティーンエイジャーはしばしば「lit」のようなスラングを使って、エキサイティングなものや素晴らしいものを表現しますが、これは年配の世代には簡単には理解できないかもしれません。

proverb
proverb
[名詞]

a well-known statement or phrase that expresses a general truth or gives advice

諺, 格言

諺, 格言

Ex: A well-known proverb states, 'Actions speak louder than words,' emphasizing the importance of deeds over promises. 

有名なことわざは、'行動は言葉よりも雄弁である'と述べており、約束よりも行動の重要性を強調しています。

imperative
imperative
[形容詞]

(of grammar) asserting a command or order

命令法の, 命令形の

命令法の, 命令形の

Ex: "Sit down" is an example of an imperative sentence. 

"座って"は命令文の例です。

interjection
interjection
[名詞]

(grammar) a phrase or word used suddenly to express a particular emotion

間投詞, 感動詞

間投詞, 感動詞

Ex: The teacher explained the concept of interjection during grammar class. 

先生は文法の授業中に感嘆詞の概念を説明しました。

intonation
intonation
[名詞]

(phonetics) the rising and falling of the voice when speaking

イントネーション

イントネーション

Ex: In phonetics, intonation refers to the pattern of rising and falling pitch in speech, which conveys meaning, emotion, and emphasis. 
transitive
transitive
[形容詞]

(grammar) describing a verb that needs a direct object

他動詞, 及物的

他動詞, 及物的

intransitive
intransitive
[形容詞]

(grammar) describing a verb that does not take a direct object

自動詞の, 他動詞ではない

自動詞の, 他動詞ではない

linguistic
linguistic
[形容詞]

related to the science of language, including its structure, usage, and evolution

言語学的な, 言語の

言語学的な, 言語の

Ex: Linguistic research explores the intricacies of language acquisition, syntax, and phonetics. 

言語学研究は、言語習得、構文、音声学の複雑さを探求します。

metaphor
metaphor
[名詞]

a figure of speech in which a word or expression is used to describe something by implying a comparison with something else

隠喩, メタファー

隠喩, メタファー

Ex: The poet uses fire as a metaphor for passion. 
progressive
progressive
[形容詞]

(grammar) describing a verb form or aspect that presents an action or situation as continuing

進行形, 継続

進行形, 継続

Ex: "She is reading" contains a progressive verb form. 
punctuation
punctuation
[名詞]

the use of marks such as a period, comma, etc. in writing to divide sentences and phrases to better convey meaning

句読点

句読点

Ex: She reviewed her essay carefully to ensure that all punctuation was used correctly. 

彼女はすべての句読点が正しく使われていることを確認するために、自分のエッセイを注意深く見直しました。

quote
quote
[名詞]

a sentence from a speech, book, etc. that is repeated somewhere else because it is wise or interesting

引用, 抜粋

引用, 抜粋

Ex: The quote "To be or not to be, that is the question" is perhaps one of the most iconic lines in all of literature. 
double negative

a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

二重否定, 否定の二重

二重否定, 否定の二重

Ex: In standard grammar, a double negative can create confusion, as it often results in a positive meaning. 

標準文法では、二重否定は混乱を引き起こす可能性があります。なぜなら、それはしばしば肯定的な意味になるからです。

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