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Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL - Language and Grammar

Here you will learn some English words about language and grammar, such as "contraction", "voice", "syllable", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
abbreviation

the shortened form of a word, etc.

Ex: The abbreviation 'CEO' stands for Chief Executive Officer. 
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contraction

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

Ex: In casual speech, contractions like "don't" and "didn't" are frequently used. 
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dialect
dialect
[noun]

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

Ex: A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a particular group of people, characterized by unique vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. 
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accent
accent
[noun]

a manner of speaking that indicates social class, nationality, or locality of the speaker

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apostrophe

the symbol ' used in writing to show possession or omission of letters or numbers

Ex: The apostrophe in "can't" indicates the omission of the letter "o." 
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article
article
[noun]

(grammar) any type of determiner that shows whether we are referring to a particular thing or a general example of something

Ex: The teacher explained that 'the' is a definite article used to refer to specific items. 
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agreement
agreement
[noun]

(grammar) the situation where words in a phrase have the same gender, person, or number

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number
number
[noun]

(grammar) the form of a word that indicates whether one, two, or more things or people are being referred to

Ex: In English grammar, the number of a noun or pronoun indicates whether it is singular or plural, affecting the form of verbs and pronouns in a sentence. 
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syllable
syllable
[noun]

a word or part of a word, which contains a vowel sound and usually one or more consonants

Ex: The word "apple" has two syllables. 
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vowel
vowel
[noun]

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced without interfering with the flow of air coming through the mouth or nose

Ex: He practiced pronouncing each vowel clearly to improve his accent. 
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consonant
consonant
[noun]

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced by interfering with or stopping the flow of air through the mouth or nose

Ex: The teacher explained that consonants are speech sounds made by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. 
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voice
voice
[noun]

(grammar) the form of a verb that indicates whether the subject does something or something is done to it

Ex: Active voice, on the other hand, is used when the subject of a sentence performs the action expressed by the verb. 
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auxiliary
auxiliary
[noun]

a verb that supports or helps another verb to form different tenses, moods, or voices

Ex: In the sentence “She is running,” the verb "is" acts as an auxiliary to form the present continuous tense. 
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complement

a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a grammatical expression

Ex: In "She made him angry," the word angry is a complement. 
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compound
compound
[Adjective]

(of a word) formed by combining two or more separate words

Ex: "Snowman" is a compound word made from "snow" and "man." 
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conjunction

(grammar) a word such as and, because, but, and or that connects phrases, sentences, or words

Ex: In compound sentences, conjunctions are essential for linking ideas and creating coherence. 
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prepositional
prepositional
[Adjective]

(grammar) formed with or connected to a preposition

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determiner

(grammar) a word coming before a noun or noun phrase to specify its denotation

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fluency
fluency
[noun]

the quality of being able to speak or write very well and easily in a foreign language

Ex: She achieved fluency in Spanish after living in Mexico for two years. 
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gerund
gerund
[noun]

(grammar) a form of a verb that functions as a noun and is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the base form of the verb

Ex: A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun, ending in "-ing." 
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collocation

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

Ex: In language learning, understanding collocations helps in using words in their most natural and common combinations. 
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idiom
idiom
[noun]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

Ex: The idiom 'kick the bucket' means to die, and its meaning is quite different from the literal interpretation of kicking a bucket. 
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slang
slang
[noun]

words or expressions that are very informal and more common in spoken form, used especially by a particular group of people, such as criminals, children, etc.

Ex: Teenagers often use slang like 'lit' to describe something that is exciting or excellent, which may not be easily understood by older generations. 
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proverb
proverb
[noun]

a well-known statement or phrase that expresses a general truth or gives advice

Ex: A well-known proverb states, 'Actions speak louder than words,' emphasizing the importance of deeds over promises. 
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imperative
imperative
[Adjective]

(of grammar) asserting a command or order

Ex: "Sit down" is an example of an imperative sentence. 
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interjection

(grammar) a phrase or word used suddenly to express a particular emotion

Ex: The teacher explained the concept of interjection during grammar class. 
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intonation

(phonetics) the rising and falling of the voice when speaking

Ex: In phonetics, intonation refers to the pattern of rising and falling pitch in speech, which conveys meaning, emotion, and emphasis. 
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transitive
transitive
[Adjective]

(grammar) describing a verb that needs a direct object

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intransitive
intransitive
[Adjective]

(grammar) describing a verb that does not take a direct object

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linguistic
linguistic
[Adjective]

related to the science of language, including its structure, usage, and evolution

Ex: Linguistic research explores the intricacies of language acquisition, syntax, and phonetics. 
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metaphor
metaphor
[noun]

a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things to highlight their similarities and convey a deeper meaning

Ex: He used the metaphor of a journey to describe the process of personal growth. 
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progressive
progressive
[Adjective]

(grammar) describing a form of a verb that indicates an action is continuing

Ex: The teacher explained that the progressive tense is used to describe actions that are ongoing. 
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punctuation

the use of marks such as a period, comma, etc. in writing to divide sentences and phrases to better convey meaning

Ex: She reviewed her essay carefully to ensure that all punctuation was used correctly. 
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quote
quote
[noun]

a sentence from a speech, book, etc. that is repeated somewhere else because it is wise or interesting

Ex: The quote "All that glitters is not gold" serves as a timeless reminder to look beyond appearances. 
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double negative

a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

Ex: In standard grammar, a double negative can create confusion, as it often results in a positive meaning. 
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