Podstawowe Słownictwo do TOEFL - Język i gramatyka

the shortened form of a word, etc.

skrót, skrócenie

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

skurczenie, kontrakcja

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

dialekt

a manner of speaking that indicates social class, nationality, or locality of the speaker

akcent, intonacja

the symbol ' used in writing to show possession or omission of letters or numbers

apostrof, znak apostrofu

(grammar) any type of determiner that shows whether we are referring to a particular thing or a general example of something

rodzajnik określony, rodzajnik nieokreślony

(grammar) the situation where words in a phrase have the same gender, person, or number

zgoda, zgodność

(grammar) the form of a word that indicates whether one, two, or more things or people are being referred to

liczba, numer

a word or part of a word, which contains a vowel sound and usually one or more consonants

sylaba

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced without interfering with the flow of air coming through the mouth or nose

samogłoska

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced by interfering with or stopping the flow of air through the mouth or nose

spółgłoska

(grammar) the form of a verb that indicates whether the subject does something or something is done to it

głos (gramatyczny), głos aktywny/pasywny

a verb that supports or helps another verb to form different tenses, moods, or voices

czasownik pomocniczy

(grammar) a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a predication

komplement

(of a word) formed by combining two or more separate words

złożony, kombinowany

(grammar) a word such as and, because, but, and or that connects phrases, sentences, or words

spójnik

(grammar) formed with or connected to a preposition

przyimkowy, związany z przyimkiem

(grammar) a word coming before a noun or noun phrase to specify its denotation

determinant, rodzajnik

the quality of being able to speak or write very well and easily in a foreign language

biegłość, płynność

(grammar) a form of a verb that functions as a noun and is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the base form of the verb

gerundium, gerundium

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

kolokacja, kombinacja słów

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

idiom, wyrażenie idiomatyczne

words or expressions that are very informal and more common in spoken form, used especially by a particular group of people, such as criminals, children, etc.

słownictwo slangowe, język potoczny

a well-known statement or phrase that expresses a general truth or gives advice

przysłowie

(of grammar) asserting a command or order

tryb rozkazujący, rozkazujący

(grammar) a phrase or word used suddenly to express a particular emotion

wykrzyknik, międzywyraz

(phonetics) the rising and falling of the voice when speaking

intonacja

(grammar) describing a verb that needs a direct object

przechodni, który wymaga dopełnienia

(grammar) describing a verb that does not take a direct object

intransytywny, intransytywna

related to the science of language, including its structure, usage, and evolution

lingwistyczny

a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things to highlight their similarities and convey a deeper meaning

metafora

(grammar) describing a form of a verb that indicates an action is continuing

progresywny, postępowy

the use of marks such as a period, comma, etc. in writing to divide sentences and phrases to better convey meaning

interpunkcja

a sentence from a speech, book, etc. that is repeated somewhere else because it is wise or interesting

cytat, wyciąg

a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

podwójne zaprzeczenie, podwójna negacja