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Nödvändigt Ordförråd för TOEFL - Språk och Grammatik

Här kommer du att lära dig några engelska ord om språk och grammatik, såsom "förkortning", "röst", "stavelse" etc. som behövs för TOEFL-provet.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
abbreviation
abbreviation
[Substantiv]

the shortened form of a word, etc.

förkortning, abbreviatur

förkortning, abbreviatur

Ex: When writing a report, be sure to define any abbreviations the first time you use them. 

När du skriver en rapport, se till att definiera alla förkortningar första gången du använder dem.

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contraction
contraction
[Substantiv]

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

kontraktion, förkortad form

kontraktion, förkortad form

Ex: In casual speech, contractions like "don't" and ""didn't" are frequently used. 

I vardagligt tal används förkortningar som "inte" och "gjorde inte" ofta.

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dialect
dialect
[Substantiv]

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

dialekt, mål

dialekt, mål

Ex: African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a dialect spoken primarily by African American communities in the United States, characterized by distinctive grammar, vocabulary, and intonation patterns. 

Afroamerikansk vardagsengelsk (AAVE) är en dialekt som huvudsakligen talas av afroamerikanska samhällen i USA, kännetecknad av särskild grammatik, ordförråd och intonationsmönster.

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accent
accent
[Substantiv]

a distinctive way of pronouncing a language associated with a particular region, country, or social group

brytning,  accent

brytning, accent

Ex: The actor learned a Southern accent for the role. 
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apostrophe
apostrophe
[Substantiv]

the symbol ' used in writing to show possession or omission of letters or numbers

apostrof, apostrof symbol

apostrof, apostrof symbol

Ex: The word "class of '99" uses an apostrophe to indicate the omission of "19." 

Ordet "klassen '99" använder en apostrof för att indikera utelämnandet av "19".

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article
article
[Substantiv]

(grammar) any type of determiner that shows whether we are referring to a particular thing or a general example of something

artikel

artikel

Ex: The book provides exercises to help learners practice using articles correctly. 
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agreement
agreement
[Substantiv]

(grammar) the situation where words in a phrase have the same gender, person, or number

överensstämmelse, avtal

överensstämmelse, avtal

Ex: Pronoun agreement can depend on number and gender. 
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number
number
[Substantiv]

(grammar) the form of a word that indicates whether one, two, or more things or people are being referred to

tal, grammatiskt tal

tal, grammatiskt tal

Ex: In English grammar, the number of a noun or pronoun indicates whether it is singular or plural. 
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syllable
syllable
[Substantiv]

a word or part of a word, which contains a vowel sound and usually one or more consonants

stavelse, ljud

stavelse, ljud

Ex: The teacher asked the students to count the syllables in each line of the poem. 

Läraren bad eleverna att räkna stavelserna i varje rad av dikten.

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vowel
vowel
[Substantiv]

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced without interfering with the flow of air coming through the mouth or nose

vokal, vokalljud

vokal, vokalljud

Ex: She had to memorize the vowel sounds for her phonics lesson. 

Hon var tvungen att memorera vokal-ljuden för sin fonetiklektion.

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consonant
consonant
[Substantiv]

‌(phonetics) a speech sound produced by interfering with or stopping the flow of air through the mouth or nose

konsonant, konsonantljud

konsonant, konsonantljud

Ex: The poem had a pleasing rhythm because of the repeated consonant sounds. 

Dikten hade en behaglig rytm på grund av de upprepade konsonant-ljuden.

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voice
voice
[Substantiv]

(grammar) the form of a verb that indicates whether the subject does something or something is done to it

röst, verbets röst

röst, verbets röst

Ex: Active voice is used when the subject performs the action. 
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auxiliary
auxiliary
[Substantiv]

a verb that supports or helps another verb to form different tenses, moods, or voices

hjälpverb

hjälpverb

Ex: To form questions in the past tense, “did” is used as an auxiliary, as in “Did you see that movie?” 

För att bilda frågor i dåtid används "did" som hjälpverb, som i "Did you see that movie?"

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complement
complement
[Substantiv]

a word, phrase, or clause that completes the meaning or grammatical structure of an expression

komplement,  predikatsfyllnad

komplement, predikatsfyllnad

Ex: The students learned how to distinguish an object from a complement. 
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compound
compound
[adjektiv]

formed from two or more words or meaningful word elements

sammansatt, komposit

sammansatt, komposit

Ex: The phrase contains a compound verb made from two elements. 
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conjunction
conjunction
[Substantiv]

a word or expression that connects words, phrases, or clauses

konjunktion,  bindeord

konjunktion, bindeord

Ex: Emma used the conjunction "but" to connect two contrasting ideas. 
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prepositional
prepositional
[adjektiv]

(grammar) formed with or connected to a preposition

prepositionell, relaterad till en preposition

prepositionell, relaterad till en preposition

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determiner
determiner
[Substantiv]

(grammar) a word coming before a noun or noun phrase to specify its denotation

determinativ, artikel

determinativ, artikel

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fluency
fluency
[Substantiv]

the quality of being able to speak or write very well and easily in a foreign language

flyt, behärskning

flyt, behärskning

Ex: The app is designed to build fluency through interactive exercises. 

Appen är utformad för att bygga flyt genom interaktiva övningar.

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gerund
gerund
[Substantiv]

(grammar) a form of a verb that functions as a noun and is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the base form of the verb

gerundium, verbform som fungerar som substantiv

gerundium, verbform som fungerar som substantiv

Ex: In the sentence "Running is my favorite hobby," "running" functions as the subject and is a gerund. 

I meningen "Spring är min favorithobby," fungerar "spring" som subjekt och är en gerundium.

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collocation
collocation
[Substantiv]

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

kollokation, ordkombination

kollokation, ordkombination

Ex: Using incorrect collocations can make a sentence sound awkward or unnatural. 

Att använda felaktiga kollokationer kan få en mening att låta klumpig eller onaturlig.

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idiom
idiom
[Substantiv]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

idiom, idiomatiskt uttryck

idiom, idiomatiskt uttryck

Ex: In English, the idiom 'break the ice' is used to describe starting a conversation in a social setting to ease tension, not actually cracking ice. 

På engelska används idiomet 'break the ice' för att beskriva att starta en konversation i en social miljö för att minska spänning, inte för att faktiskt bryta is.

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slang
slang
[Substantiv]

words or expressions that are very informal and more common in spoken form, used especially by a particular group of people, such as criminals, children, etc.

slang, vardagsspråk

slang, vardagsspråk

Ex: Skaters have their own slang, with terms like 'gnarly' to describe something impressive or 'shredding' to refer to skilled skateboarding. 

Skatare har sitt eget slang, med termer som 'gnarly' för att beskriva något imponerande eller 'shredding' för att hänvisa till skicklig skateboardåkning.

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proverb
proverb
[Substantiv]

a well-known statement or phrase that expresses a general truth or gives advice

ordspråk, talesätt

ordspråk, talesätt

Ex: The proverb 'When in Rome, do as the Romans do' suggests that one should adapt to the customs of the place they are visiting. 

Ordspråket 'När du är i Rom, gör som romarna gör' föreslår att man bör anpassa sig till platsens sedvänjor som man besöker.

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imperative
imperative
[adjektiv]

(of grammar) asserting a command or order

imperativ, befallande

imperativ, befallande

Ex: Imperative verbs are often used in advertisements to encourage action. 

Imperativa verb används ofta i reklam för att uppmuntra handling.

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interjection
interjection
[Substantiv]

(grammar) a phrase or word used suddenly to express a particular emotion

interjektion, utrop

interjektion, utrop

Ex: Students were asked to identify examples of interjection in the passage they were reading. 

Eleverna ombads identifiera exempel på interjektion i stycket de läste.

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intonation
intonation
[Substantiv]

(phonetics) the rising and falling of the voice when speaking

intonation

intonation

Ex: Linguists use techniques such as pitch tracking and spectrograms to analyze intonation patterns and understand their role in communication. 
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transitive
transitive
[adjektiv]

(grammar) describing a verb that needs a direct object

transitiv, transitivt verb

transitiv, transitivt verb

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intransitive
intransitive
[adjektiv]

(grammar) describing a verb that does not take a direct object

intransitiv, icke-transitiv

intransitiv, icke-transitiv

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linguistic
linguistic
[adjektiv]

related to the science of language, including its structure, usage, and evolution

lingvistisk, språklig

lingvistisk, språklig

Ex: The teacher emphasized the linguistic differences between English and German. 

Läraren betonade de språkliga skillnaderna mellan engelska och tyska.

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metaphor
metaphor
[Substantiv]

a figure of speech in which a word or expression is used to describe something by implying a comparison with something else

metafor, bild

metafor, bild

Ex: She used a metaphor to explain the complexity of the situation. 
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progressive
progressive
[adjektiv]

(grammar) describing a verb form or aspect that presents an action or situation as continuing

progressiv, pågående

progressiv, pågående

Ex: In "They were waiting," the verb phrase is progressive. 
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punctuation
punctuation
[Substantiv]

the use of marks such as a period, comma, etc. in writing to divide sentences and phrases to better convey meaning

interpunktion

interpunktion

Ex: He was confused by the lack of punctuation in the email, which made it hard to follow. 

Han var förvirrad av bristen på interpunktion i e-postmeddelandet, vilket gjorde det svårt att följa.

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quote
quote
[Substantiv]

a sentence from a speech, book, etc. that is repeated somewhere else because it is wise or interesting

citat, utdrag

citat, utdrag

Ex: She opened her speech with a famous quote. 
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double negative
double negative
[Substantiv]

a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

dubbel negation, negation dubbel

dubbel negation, negation dubbel

Ex: The teacher explained that a double negative in English typically cancels out, leading to a positive statement. 

Läraren förklarade att en dubbel negation på engelska vanligtvis tar ut varandra, vilket leder till ett positivt påstående.

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