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TOEFL のための基本語彙 - 罪と罰

ここでは、TOEFL試験に必要な「有罪判決を受けた人」、「アリバイ」、「詐欺」などの犯罪と罰に関するいくつかの英語の単語を学びます。

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
violation
violation
[名詞]

the act of breaking a legal code

違反, 犯罪

違反, 犯罪

assault
assault
[名詞]

an act of crime in which someone physically attacks another person

暴行, 攻撃

暴行, 攻撃

Ex: The police arrested the suspect for assault after he attacked a passerby on the street. 

警察は、路上で通行人を襲った後、容疑者を暴行で逮捕した。

investigation

an attempt to gather the facts of a matter such as a crime, incident, etc. to find out the truth

調査,  捜査

調査, 捜査

Ex: The detective launched an investigation into the mysterious disappearance of the jewelry. 

探偵は宝石の謎の消失について調査を開始した。

suspect
suspect
[名詞]

someone who is believed to be guilty of an offence

容疑者

容疑者

Ex: The police arrested the suspect after matching his fingerprints to the crime scene. 

警察は指紋を犯罪現場と照合した後、容疑者を逮捕した。

criminal
criminal
[名詞]

a person who does or is involved in an illegal activity

犯罪者, 刑事

犯罪者, 刑事

Ex: The police arrested the criminal after a long investigation. 

警察は長い調査の末に犯罪者を逮捕した。

convict
convict
[名詞]

a person found guilty of a crime and sent to prison

受刑者, 囚人

受刑者, 囚人

Ex: The convict was sentenced to ten years in prison for robbery. 

有罪判決を受けた者は強盗で10年の刑を宣告された。

to imprison
to imprison
[動詞]

to put someone in prison or keep them somewhere and not let them go

投獄する, 監禁する

投獄する, 監禁する

Ex: The court decided to imprison the convicted felon for a term of ten years. 

裁判所は、有罪判決を受けた重罪犯を10年間投獄することを決定しました。

alibi
alibi
[名詞]

proof that indicates a person was somewhere other than the place where a crime took place and therefore could not have committed it

アリバイ

アリバイ

Ex: The suspect's alibi placed him at a restaurant with friends at the time of the crime. 

容疑者のアリバイは、犯罪の時に彼を友人とレストランにいたと位置づけていた。

to confess
to confess
[動詞]

to admit, especially to the police or legal authorities, that one has committed a crime or has done something wrong

自白する, 認める

自白する, 認める

Ex: The suspect decided to confess to the crime during the police interrogation. 

容疑者は警察の尋問中に犯罪を自白することを決めた。

confession
confession
[名詞]

a formal statement made by a person admitting that they are guilty of a crime

自白,  告白

自白, 告白

Ex: The suspect's confession led to his arrest and subsequent trial. 

容疑者の自白が彼の逮捕とその後の裁判につながった。

to breach
to breach
[動詞]

to break an agreement, law, etc.

違反する, 破る

違反する, 破る

Ex: The company faced legal action for breaching the terms of the contract. 

その会社は契約条項の違反で法的措置に直面した。

blackmail
blackmail
[名詞]

the crime of demanding money or benefits from someone by threatening to reveal secret or sensitive information about them

恐喝, 強要

恐喝, 強要

Ex: She was a victim of blackmail after someone threatened to expose her personal emails. 

彼女は、誰かが彼女の個人メールを暴露すると脅した後、恐喝の被害者になった。

terrorism
terrorism
[名詞]

the act of using violence such as killing people, bombing, etc. to gain political power

テロリズム

テロリズム

Ex: Terrorism poses a significant challenge to global security and stability. 

テロリズムは、世界的な安全と安定にとって重大な課題です。

vandalism
vandalism
[名詞]

the illegal act of purposefully damaging a property belonging to another person or organization

破壊行為

破壊行為

Ex: After the vandalism of the public library, the community came together to clean and restore the damaged areas. 

公共図書館の破壊行為の後、コミュニティは集まって損傷したエリアを清掃し、修復しました。

kidnapping
kidnapping
[名詞]

the act of taking someone against their will and imprisoning them

誘拐, 拉致

誘拐, 拉致

Ex: Kidnapping for ransom has become a serious crime in some regions. 

身代金目的の誘拐は、一部の地域では深刻な犯罪となっています。

identity theft

the illegal use of someone's name and personal information without their knowledge, particularly to gain money or goods

個人情報盗難, なりすまし

個人情報盗難, なりすまし

Ex: She became a victim of identity theft when someone used her Social Security number to open a bank account. 

誰かが彼女の社会保障番号を使って銀行口座を開設したとき、彼女は個人情報盗難の被害者になりました。

fraud
fraud
[名詞]

the act of cheating in order to make illegal money

詐欺, 不正

詐欺, 不正

Ex: He was arrested for fraud after it was discovered that he had been falsifying financial records for years. 

彼は何年も財務記録を改ざんしていたことが発覚した後、詐欺で逮捕されました。

hijack
hijack
[名詞]

the unlawful seizure of a vehicle in transit, usually to rob it or force it to change course

ハイジャック, 乗っ取り

ハイジャック, 乗っ取り

Ex: The hijack of the plane lasted for several tense hours. 

飛行機のハイジャックは数時間の緊張した時間続いた。

human trafficking

the illegal trade of people for forced labor, sexual exploitation, or other forms of coercion

人身売買, 人間のトラフィッキング

人身売買, 人間のトラフィッキング

Ex: Authorities rescued victims of human trafficking. 

当局は人身売買の被害者を救出した。

shoplifting
shoplifting
[名詞]

the crime of taking goods from a store without paying for them

万引き, 店舗内窃盗

万引き, 店舗内窃盗

Ex: Shoplifting is considered a serious crime in most countries. 

万引きは、ほとんどの国で重大な犯罪と見なされています。

pickpocketing

the action of stealing from a person's pocket or bag

すり, ピックポケット

すり, ピックポケット

mugging
mugging
[名詞]

the act of threatening someone or beating them in order to gain some money

強盗, 暴行を加えて金を奪うこと

強盗, 暴行を加えて金を奪うこと

Ex: He reported the mugging to the police immediately. 

彼はすぐに警察に強盗を報告した。

bribery
bribery
[名詞]

the act of offering money to an authority to gain advantage

賄賂,  汚職

賄賂, 汚職

Ex: The politician was accused of bribery after it was revealed that he accepted money to influence his decisions. 

その政治家は、自分の決定に影響を与えるために金銭を受け取ったことが明らかになった後、賄賂の罪で告発されました。

capital punishment

the killing of a criminal as punishment

死刑, 極刑

死刑, 極刑

Ex: The debate over capital punishment continues to be a contentious issue in many countries. 

死刑をめぐる議論は、多くの国で論争の的となっています。

life sentence

the punishment in which an individual is made to stay in jail for the rest of their life, typically for committing a serious crime

終身刑

終身刑

Ex: The convicted murderer was given a life sentence for his crimes. 

有罪判決を受けた殺人犯は、その犯罪に対して終身刑を宣告された。

sentence
sentence
[名詞]

the punishment that the court assigned for a guilty person

刑, 判決

刑, 判決

Ex: The judge handed down a life sentence for the crime. 

裁判官はその犯罪に対して終身刑を言い渡した。

offense
offense
[名詞]

any act that is against a law

違反, 犯罪

違反, 犯罪

Ex: Shoplifting is considered a criminal offense in most countries. 

万引きはほとんどの国で刑事上の犯罪と見なされています。

attempted
attempted
[形容詞]

(of a crime, suicide, etc.) not done successfully

未遂

未遂

Ex: The police investigated an attempted robbery at the bank. 

警察は銀行での未遂強盗を調査した。

to capture
to capture
[動詞]

to catch an animal or a person and keep them as a prisoner

捕まえる, 捕獲する

捕まえる, 捕獲する

Ex: The zookeepers capture wild animals for conservation purposes. 

動物園の飼育係は、保護目的で野生動物を捕獲します。

to condemn
to condemn
[動詞]

to give a severe punishment to someone who has committed a major crime

非難する, 厳しく罰する

非難する, 厳しく罰する

Ex: The court condemned the serial killer to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. 

裁判所は、その連続殺人犯に仮釈放の可能性のない終身刑を宣告した。

corrupt
corrupt
[形容詞]

using one's power or authority to do illegal things for personal gain or financial benefit

腐敗した, 不正な

腐敗した, 不正な

Ex: The corrupt politician embezzled public funds for personal gain. 

腐敗した政治家は、私利私欲のために公金を横領した。

to fine
to fine
[動詞]

to make someone pay a sum of money as punishment for violation of the law

罰金を科す, 過料を課す

罰金を科す, 過料を課す

Ex: The city council decided to fine residents who fail to properly sort their recycling. 

市議会はリサイクルを適切に分別しない住民に罰金を科すことを決定しました。

penalty
penalty
[名詞]

an amount of money that must be paid as punishment for breaking a rule or law

罰金, ペナルティ

罰金, ペナルティ

Ex: He paid a heavy penalty for parking illegally downtown. 

彼はダウンタウンで違法駐車をしたため、重い罰金を支払った。

custody
custody
[名詞]

a state in which a person is kept in jail or prison, particularly while waiting to be tried

拘留, 拘置

拘留, 拘置

Ex: The suspect was placed in custody pending a bail hearing. 

容疑者は保釈の審問待ちで拘置されました。

hostage
hostage
[名詞]

someone held prisoner by a person or group who will be set free if the demands of that person or group are met

人質, 囚人

人質, 囚人

Ex: The kidnappers took several employees hostage during the bank robbery, demanding a ransom for their release. 

誘拐犯は銀行強盗の際に数人の従業員を人質に取り、解放のための身代金を要求した。

innocent
innocent
[形容詞]

not having committed a wrongdoing or offense

無罪の, 潔白な

無罪の, 潔白な

Ex: The evidence presented in court proved that he was innocent of the crime he was accused of. 

法廷で提示された証拠は、彼が告発された犯罪について無実であることを証明した。

guilty
guilty
[形容詞]

having done something that is not legal offense

有罪の

有罪の

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