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Podstawowe Słownictwo do GRE - Weź prawo w swoje ręce!

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Essential Words Needed for the GRE
affidavit
affidavit
[Rzeczownik]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

oświadczenie pod przysięgą, afidawit

oświadczenie pod przysięgą, afidawit

Ex: She signed an affidavit, swearing under oath to tell the truth in her statement to the court. 
to acquit
to acquit
[Czasownik]

to officially decide and declare in a law court that someone is not guilty of a crime

uniewinnić, uznać za niewinnego

uniewinnić, uznać za niewinnego

Ex: The company was accused of wrongdoing, but after a thorough investigation, they were acquitted of any illegal activities. 
annulment
annulment
[Rzeczownik]

a legal process of declaring a marriage or any type of official contract null and void as if it had never existed

unieważnienie, nieważność

unieważnienie, nieważność

Ex: The annulment of the official document was required to correct the administrative error. 
binding
binding
[przymiotnik]

legally required to be followed and cannot be avoided

wiążący

wiążący

Ex: Signing the lease makes it a binding contract, so you're committed to paying rent for the agreed-upon period. 
conveyance
conveyance
[Rzeczownik]

a legal document that transfers a right or property from one person to another

akt przeniesienia, dokument przeniesienia własności

akt przeniesienia, dokument przeniesienia własności

Ex: Her lawyer prepared a conveyance to finalize the transfer of the estate. 
to countersign
to countersign
[Czasownik]

to add a second signature to a document or agreement to verify its authenticity; serving as a form of validation of the primary signature

kontrasygnować, podpisać jako drugi sygnatariusz

kontrasygnować, podpisać jako drugi sygnatariusz

Ex: The manager asked her assistant to countersign the contract for final approval. 
to cuff
to cuff
[Czasownik]

to restrain someone by securing their wrists together, often using a device, commonly done by law enforcement during an arrest or to maintain control

zakładać kajdanki, zakładać kajdanki na

zakładać kajdanki, zakładać kajdanki na

Ex: The police officer decided to cuff the suspect to ensure safety during the arrest. 
debenture
debenture
[Rzeczownik]

a financial pact with details about interest rates and when the borrowed money will be paid back, not tied to any specific belongings

obligacja, dłużny papier wartościowy

obligacja, dłużny papier wartościowy

Ex: The company issued a debenture to raise funds for its expansion project 
decree
decree
[Rzeczownik]

an official authoritative decision or judgment, especially one made by a government or the ruler of a country

dekret, rozporządzenie

dekret, rozporządzenie

Ex: The king issued a decree establishing a new tax law. 
to draw up
to draw up
[Czasownik]

to create a plan, document, or written agreement, often in a formal or official context

sporządzać, przygotowywać

sporządzać, przygotowywać

Ex: The lawyer was hired to draw up a contract outlining the terms of the business partnership. 
to enforce
to enforce
[Czasownik]

to ensure that a law or rule is followed

egzekwować, zapewniać przestrzeganie

egzekwować, zapewniać przestrzeganie

Ex: The police are tasked with enforcing the laws to maintain public order. 
impeachment
impeachment
[Rzeczownik]

the process of a governmental figure bringing charges against a government official and marking the first step toward potential removal from office

impeachment, proces impeachmentu

impeachment, proces impeachmentu

Ex: He faced impeachment over allegations of misconduct while in office. 
indictment
indictment
[Rzeczownik]

a formal accusation of a crime

oskarżenie, akt oskarżenia

oskarżenie, akt oskarżenia

Ex: The indictment revealed a complex web of illegal activities involving drug trafficking and money laundering. 
to infringe
to infringe
[Czasownik]

to violate someone's rights or property

naruszać, łamać

naruszać, łamać

Ex: The company was warned about potential legal consequences if it continued to infringe environmental regulations. 
tribunal
tribunal
[Rzeczownik]

a group of certified people who are chosen to examine legal problems at the court

trybunał, ława przysięgłych

trybunał, ława przysięgłych

Ex: He awaited the tribunal’s verdict on his appeal. 
inquest
inquest
[Rzeczownik]

an official investigation that is held in front of a jury; especially in cases associated with death by unnatural causes

dochodzenie, śledztwo sądowe

dochodzenie, śledztwo sądowe

Ex: The inquest revealed that the death was caused by a drug overdose. 
intestacy
intestacy
[Rzeczownik]

the condition of dying without a valid will, leaving the distribution of one's estate to be determined by the laws of intestate succession rather than specific instructions in a will

beztestamentowość, śmierć bez testamentu

beztestamentowość, śmierć bez testamentu

Ex: In the absence of a will, the deceased's estate will be subject to intestacy, and the distribution will follow legal guidelines. 
judiciary
judiciary
[Rzeczownik]

the part of a country's government that administers the legal system, including all its judges

wymiar sprawiedliwości, władza sądownicza

wymiar sprawiedliwości, władza sądownicza

Ex: The judiciary is responsible for interpreting the laws and ensuring justice. 
legislation
legislation
[Rzeczownik]

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

ustawodawstwo, prawo

ustawodawstwo, prawo

Ex: The new environmental legislation limits carbon emissions from factories. 
legitimate
legitimate
[przymiotnik]

officially allowed or accepted according to the rules or laws that apply to a particular situation

legalny, upoważniony

legalny, upoważniony

Ex: The company's operations were deemed legitimate after passing all regulatory inspections. 
legislature
legislature
[Rzeczownik]

a group of elected officials responsible for making and changing laws in a government or state

legislatura, zgromadzenie ustawodawcze

legislatura, zgromadzenie ustawodawcze

Ex: The legislature passed new laws to protect the environment. 
to litigate
to litigate
[Czasownik]

to initiate legal action against another party or person

wytoczyć proces, procesować się

wytoczyć proces, procesować się

Ex: The company decided to litigate after the breach of contract. 
magistrate
magistrate
[Rzeczownik]

a person who acts as a judge in a law court and deals with minor offenses

sędzia, magistrat

sędzia, magistrat

Ex: The magistrate presided over the small claims court, resolving disputes between individuals. 
memorandum
memorandum
[Rzeczownik]

a document outlining the terms of understanding or agreement between parties, often used in legal or business contexts

memorandum, notatka

memorandum, notatka

Ex: The team drafted a memorandum to outline the new project guidelines. 
to overturn
to overturn
[Czasownik]

to reverse, abolish, or invalidate something, especially a legal decision

unieważnić, obalić

unieważnić, obalić

Ex: The Supreme Court decided to overturn the lower court's ruling, citing a procedural error. 
to pardon
to pardon
[Czasownik]

to discharge a criminal from the legal consequences of a conviction or violation

ułaskawić, wybaczyć

ułaskawić, wybaczyć

Ex: The governor decided to pardon the prisoner after reviewing his case. 
parole
parole
[Rzeczownik]

(law) the permission for a prisoner to leave prison before the end of their imprisonment sentence, on the condition of good conduct

zwolnienie warunkowe

zwolnienie warunkowe

Ex: After serving half of his sentence in prison, the inmate was eligible for parole, subject to certain conditions and supervision. 
plaintiff
plaintiff
[Rzeczownik]

a person who brings a lawsuit against someone else in a court

powód, oskarżyciel

powód, oskarżyciel

Ex: The plaintiff presented compelling evidence to support their case. 
to plead
to plead
[Czasownik]

to state in a court of law, in front of the judge and the jury, whether someone is guilty or not guilty of a crime

bronić się

bronić się

Ex: The defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges of robbery and assault. 
proceedings
proceedings
[Rzeczownik]

actions taken in a court of law in order to settle an argument

postępowanie,  akta

postępowanie, akta

Ex: The lawyer reviewed the court proceedings carefully before the trial. 
provision
provision
[Rzeczownik]

an agreed-upon condition or requirement outlined in an agreement, law, or document

postanowienie,  klauzula

postanowienie, klauzula

Ex: The contract includes a provision for early termination with a penalty. 
prosecution
prosecution
[Rzeczownik]

the process of bringing someone to court in an attempt to prove their guilt

ściganie, oskarżenie

ściganie, oskarżenie

Ex: The lengthy prosecution involved several months of court hearings. 
waiver
waiver
[Rzeczownik]

an official statement according to which one gives up their legal right or claim

zrzeczenie się, zwolnienie

zrzeczenie się, zwolnienie

Ex: He signed a waiver to participate in the extreme sports event. 
to void
to void
[Czasownik]

to announce that something is no longer legally valid or binding

unieważnić, anulować

unieważnić, anulować

Ex: The court voided the contract due to a breach of terms by the seller. 
testimony
testimony
[Rzeczownik]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

zeznanie, świadectwo

zeznanie, świadectwo

Ex: The witness provided compelling testimony that corroborated the victim's account. 
statute
statute
[Rzeczownik]

an officially written and established law

ustawa, statut

ustawa, statut

Ex: The new statute requires all drivers to use hands-free devices while driving. 
to testify
to testify
[Czasownik]

to make a statement as a witness in court saying something is true

zeznawać, świadczyć

zeznawać, świadczyć

Ex: Witnesses are called to testify about what they saw during the accident. 
to abide by
to abide by
[Czasownik]

to follow the rules, commands, or wishes of someone, showing compliance to their authority

przestrzegać, stosować się do

przestrzegać, stosować się do

Ex: The employees must abide by the supervisor's instructions at the construction site. 
to remand
to remand
[Czasownik]

to send a case back to a court of lower authority for additional reconsideration or review

odesłać, przekazać ponownie

odesłać, przekazać ponownie

Ex: The appellate court remanded the case to the lower court for further proceedings. 
to uphold
to uphold
[Czasownik]

(particularly of a law court) to state that a previous decision is correct

potwierdzać, utrzymywać

potwierdzać, utrzymywać

Ex: The Supreme Court decided to uphold the lower court's ruling, affirming the original verdict. 
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