Akademicki IELTS (Pasmo 8 i Wyżej) - Law

the quality of being fair and just toward people according to natural law

sprawiedliwość

(law) a person or party involved in a legal case

powód, uczestnik postępowania

an extra financial compensation awarded in a lawsuit to punish the defendant for bad behavior and deter future wrongdoing

odszkodowanie karne, szkoda punitacyjna

to sign a document or agreement jointly with another person, taking equal responsibility for fulfilling its terms

wspólnie podpisać, podpisać wspólnie

the condition of dying without a valid will, leaving the distribution of one's estate to be determined by the laws of intestate succession rather than specific instructions in a will

ciągłość spadkowa, brak testamentu

the physical railing or barrier in a courtroom that separates participants from the judge

bariera, stanowisko

a lawyer who specializes in bringing a lawsuit against people or organizations in a court of law

litigator, adwokat procesowy

a person who acts as a judge in a law court and deals with minor offenses

sędzia, sędzia pokoju

the reasonable suspicion that a crime has occurred or will occur

prawdopodobna przyczyna, uzasadnione podejrzenie

a legal professional who is qualified and licensed to advocate on the behalf of clients in both lower and higher courts, primarily in Britain

adwokat, prawnik

a legal order from a court that requires a party to do or refrain from doing a specific action

zakaz sądowy, rozporządzenie

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

oświadczenie, affidavit

a recorded testimony given outside of court by a witness or party involved in a legal case, used as evidence in future proceedings

depozycja, zeznanie

an official authorized to conduct particular legal formalities, especially to make documents legally acceptable

notariusz

a set of rules or directives made and maintained by an authority, especially in order to regulate conduct

uchwała, regulamin

the temporary suspension or postponement of a legal proceeding or meeting

wstrzymanie, odroczenie

a list of cases scheduled for a court's consideration, including details such as case numbers, parties involved, and hearing dates

lista spraw, dokument

an official judgment in court of law that declares someone not guilty of the crime they were charged with

uniewinnienie

the act of breaking or not obeying a law, agreement, etc.

naruszenie, przestępstwo

a formal accusation of a crime

akt oskarżenia, oskarżenie

(law) the permission for a prisoner to leave prison before the end of their imprisonment sentence, on the condition of good conduct

zwolnienie warunkowe, wolność warunkowa

to send someone accused of a crime to the place where the crime happened or where they are wanted for legal matters

ekstradować, wydawać

to make a formal decision or judgment about who is right in an argument or dispute

rozstrzygać, oceniać

to violate someone's rights or property

naruszać, łamać

to invalidate a legal agreement

unieważnić, nieważnym uczynić

a legal document issued by a court or administrative agency, compelling an individual to appear as a witness, produce certain documents, or provide testimony in a legal proceeding

wezwanie sądowe, wezwanie do stawiennictwa

to officially excuse someone from a requirement or obligation

zwolnić, wytłumaczyć

to send a case back to a court of lower authority for additional reconsideration or review

przekazać, przesłać z powrotem

to follow the rules, commands, or wishes of someone, showing compliance to their authority

przestrzegać, stosować się do

the body of law formed by judicial decisions and precedents established in past court cases, used as a basis for deciding similar issues in subsequent legal proceedings

orzecznictwo, prawo precedensowe

a raid or arrest, often resulting from police or law enforcement investigations

łapanka, razzia

to officially cancel a law, decision, agreement, etc.

unieważnić, cofnąć

to attach a document to another, especially in formal or legal writings

załączyć, znaczyć

the process of sending a legal case from one court to another for review or resolution, often due to jurisdictional or procedural reasons

przekazanie, przeniesienie

an official rule or order that is imposed by the law or someone with authority

rozporządzenie, ustawa