Językoznawstwo - Semantics

the relationship between words or expressions that have similar or identical meanings, or nearly identical meanings, in a particular context or language

synonimia

the relationship between words or expressions that have opposite or contrasting meanings

antonimia

a hierarchical relationship between words, where one word, the hyponym, represents a more specific or subordinate category within the meaning of another word, the hypernym

hiponimia

the most typical example of a category that represents its common features

prototyp

a linguistic phenomenon where words share the same form but have different meanings, contributing to lexical ambiguity and requiring context for proper interpretation

homonimia

a linguistic phenomenon where different words have the same or similar pronunciation but may have different spellings and meanings, resulting in potential confusion and ambiguity in oral communication

homofonia

the phenomenon in language where a single word has multiple related meanings or senses

polisemia

a type of figurative language that involves the unconventional or strained use of words, often resulting in an unexpected or exaggerated expression

katachrezy

the extent or range of meaning that a word, phrase, or grammatical construction has within a sentence or discourse

zakres

the way in which language expresses the speaker's or writer's attitude, opinion, or degree of certainty regarding a statement or proposition

modalność

a graphical representation or structure that depicts relationships between concepts or entities in a language or knowledge domain

sieć semantyczna

the specific meaning or interpretation of a word in a given context or language

znaczenie słowa

the study of how one word's meaning represents a specific way or type of another word's meaning within a particular category or field of language

troponomia

a grammatical concept that represents the relationship between a noun phrase and the action or state described by a verb, indicating the role or function of the noun phrase in the event or situation

rola tematyczna

a psychological phenomenon where repeated exposure to a word or phrase leads to a temporary loss of its meaning or sense of familiarity

nasycenie semantyczne

a sequence of words or terms in a text that are semantically related or connected by their meaning

łańcuch leksykalny

a group or set of words that are related in meaning and share a common semantic theme or category

pole semantyczne

the connections or associations between words or concepts based on their meaning

relacja semantyczna

a cognitive mechanism in which abstract or complex ideas are understood and expressed in terms of more concrete or familiar concepts

metafora konceptualna

a cognitive process in which one concept is understood or represented in terms of another concept based on a conceptual or cognitive association between them, often involving contiguity or a part-whole relationship

metonimia konceptualna

a grammatical role or semantic role that refers to the entity that performs or initiates an action or event in a sentence or a clause

agent

a process where the meaning of a word or concept expands or becomes more inclusive, encompassing a wider range of referents or interpretations than its original or core meaning

poszerzenie

a word or phrase applied to something to convey its character or essence in a descriptive sense

epitet

the specific sense or interpretation attributed to a word in a particular context

znaczenie słowa

a situation where a language lacks a specific word or lexical item to express a particular concept or meaning

przypadkowa luka

a word that carries semantic meaning and contributes to the overall content and understanding of a sentence, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

słowo treściowe

a principle or idea that is abstract

koncepcja

a linguistic concept that describes the relationship between a word that represents a whole object and a word that represents a part or subset of that object

meronimia

a structured system of signs, symbols, or codes that are used to communicate meaning within a particular context or domain

system znaków

a type of definition that uses the term being defined as part of the definition itself, resulting in an uninformative or logically flawed explanation

definicja okrężna

the act or process of explaining the meaning of a word, concept, or term

definicja

a term used in semantics and linguistics to refer to a word that represents a whole or complete entity, while its parts are referred to as meronyms

holonim

(grammar) one of two or more words that are spelled the same but differ in meaning

homograf

a word or phrase that describes or provides information about something

deskriptor

the objective and dictionary-based meaning of a word, representing its core and universally accepted definition

denotacja

a feeling or an idea suggested by a word aside from its literal or primary meaning

konotacja

the condition when a word, phrase, or concept from one language lacks an equivalent or precise translation in another language due to cultural, linguistic, or contextual differences

nieprzetłumaczalność

a word or phrase that belongs to the same semantic field as another word or phrase and shares the same hypernym, representing a distinct subcategory or specific instance within that field

co-hiponim

a word that is more general and encompasses a broader category of related terms

hiperonim

a semantic role that refers to the entity or object that is used to carry out or perform an action denoted by the verb in a sentence

narzędzie

the main focus or subject of a sentence or an action

temat

the additional connotations or associations that a word or expression may evoke beyond its literal or primary meaning

znaczenie asocjacyjne

the basic and direct meaning of a word or phrase, representing the ideas it conveys

znaczenie konceptualne

the minimal, irreducible unit of meaning within a word

rdzeń semantyczny

the condition in which a word or expression has only one primary or dominant meaning, without significant ambiguity or variation in interpretation

monosemia

a unit or entity that carries meaning and represents a concept, idea, or object, often through a system of arbitrary associations between the signifier and the signified

znak

the physical or perceptible form of a sign, such as a word, sound, image, or gesture, that represents or signifies a particular meaning or concept

znacznik

the concept, meaning, or idea that a sign represents or signifies

znaczenie

the entity that undergoes or experiences an action or change as a result of an event

pacjent

a semantic role assigned to the entity that undergoes an emotional or perceptual experience, such as feeling, sensing, or perceiving something

doświadczający

a role assigned to the entity that represents the target or endpoint of an action or movement

cel

a role assigned to the entity that represents the starting point or origin of an action or movement

źródło

a thematic role associated with a noun phrase that indicates the place or position where an action or state occurs

lokalizacja

(semantics) the person who benefits from an action in a sentence

beneficjent

a thematic role associated with a noun phrase that represents the entity to whom something is given or transferred

odbiorca