Linguistique - Sémantique

the relationship between words or expressions that have similar or identical meanings, or nearly identical meanings, in a particular context or language

synonymie

the relationship between words or expressions that have opposite or contrasting meanings

antonymie

a hierarchical relationship between words, where one word, the hyponym, represents a more specific or subordinate category within the meaning of another word, the hypernym

hyponymie, relation d'hyponymie

something or someone that is the most common example of a particular group, class, etc.

prototype, modèle

a linguistic phenomenon where words share the same form but have different meanings, contributing to lexical ambiguity and requiring context for proper interpretation

homonymie

a linguistic phenomenon where different words have the same or similar pronunciation but may have different spellings and meanings, resulting in potential confusion and ambiguity in oral communication

homophonie, homophonie linguistique

the phenomenon in language where a single word has multiple related meanings or senses

polysémie, polysemy

a type of figurative language that involves the unconventional or strained use of words, often resulting in an unexpected or exaggerated expression

catachrise, catachrésis

the extent or range of meaning that a word, phrase, or grammatical construction has within a sentence or discourse

portée, étendue

the way in which language expresses the speaker's or writer's attitude, opinion, or degree of certainty regarding a statement or proposition

modalité

a graphical representation or structure that depicts relationships between concepts or entities in a language or knowledge domain

réseau sémantique, graphe sémantique

the specific meaning or interpretation of a word in a given context or language

sens du mot, signification du mot

the study of how one word's meaning represents a specific way or type of another word's meaning within a particular category or field of language

troponymie

a grammatical concept that represents the relationship between a noun phrase and the action or state described by a verb, indicating the role or function of the noun phrase in the event or situation

rôle thématique, fonction thématique

a psychological phenomenon where repeated exposure to a word or phrase leads to a temporary loss of its meaning or sense of familiarity

saturé sémantiquement, satiation sémantique

a sequence of words or terms in a text that are semantically related or connected by their meaning

chaîne lexicale, suite lexicale

a group or set of words that are related in meaning and share a common semantic theme or category

champ sémantique, domaine sémantique

the connections or associations between words or concepts based on their meaning

relation sémantique, connexion sémantique

a cognitive mechanism in which abstract or complex ideas are understood and expressed in terms of more concrete or familiar concepts

métaphore conceptuelle, métaphore cognitive

a cognitive process in which one concept is understood or represented in terms of another concept based on a conceptual or cognitive association between them, often involving contiguity or a part-whole relationship

métonymie conceptuelle, métonymie cognitive

a grammatical role or semantic role that refers to the entity that performs or initiates an action or event in a sentence or a clause

agent, actant

a process where the meaning of a word or concept expands or becomes more inclusive, encompassing a wider range of referents or interpretations than its original or core meaning

élargissement

a word or phrase applied to something to convey its character or essence in a descriptive sense

épithète

the specific sense or interpretation attributed to a word in a particular context

sémantique, signification

a situation where a language lacks a specific word or lexical item to express a particular concept or meaning

écart accidentel, lacune accidentelle

a word that carries semantic meaning and contributes to the overall content and understanding of a sentence, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

mot de contenu, mot lexical

a principle or idea that is abstract

concept

a linguistic concept that describes the relationship between a word that represents a whole object and a word that represents a part or subset of that object

méronymie

a structured system of signs, symbols, or codes that are used to communicate meaning within a particular context or domain

système de signes, système de signaux

a type of definition that uses the term being defined as part of the definition itself, resulting in an uninformative or logically flawed explanation

définition circulaire, définition en cercle

the act or process of explaining the meaning of a word, concept, or term

définition

a term used in semantics and linguistics to refer to a word that represents a whole or complete entity, while its parts are referred to as meronyms

holonyme

(grammar) one of two or more words that are spelled the same but differ in meaning

homographe

a word or phrase that describes or provides information about something

descripteur

the objective and dictionary-based meaning of a word, representing its core and universally accepted definition

dénomination, signification

a feeling or an idea suggested by a word aside from its literal or primary meaning

connotation

the condition when a word, phrase, or concept from one language lacks an equivalent or precise translation in another language due to cultural, linguistic, or contextual differences

intraduisibilité, non-traduction

a word or phrase that belongs to the same semantic field as another word or phrase and shares the same hypernym, representing a distinct subcategory or specific instance within that field

co-hyponyme, co-hyperonyme

a word that is more general and encompasses a broader category of related terms

hyponyme, mot générique

a semantic role that refers to the entity or object that is used to carry out or perform an action denoted by the verb in a sentence

instrument

the main focus or subject of a sentence or an action

thème

the additional connotations or associations that a word or expression may evoke beyond its literal or primary meaning

sens associatif, signification associative

the basic and direct meaning of a word or phrase, representing the ideas it conveys

signification conceptuelle, sens conceptuel

the minimal, irreducible unit of meaning within a word

racine sémantique, élément sémantique

the condition in which a word or expression has only one primary or dominant meaning, without significant ambiguity or variation in interpretation

monosémie, sens unique

a unit or entity that carries meaning and represents a concept, idea, or object, often through a system of arbitrary associations between the signifier and the signified

signe, symbole

the physical or perceptible form of a sign, such as a word, sound, image, or gesture, that represents or signifies a particular meaning or concept

signifiant, signe

the concept, meaning, or idea that a sign represents or signifies

signifié, concept signifié

the entity that undergoes or experiences an action or change as a result of an event

patient, bénéficiaire

a semantic role assigned to the entity that undergoes an emotional or perceptual experience, such as feeling, sensing, or perceiving something

expérienciateur, expériencer

a role assigned to the entity that represents the target or endpoint of an action or movement

objectif, but

a role assigned to the entity that represents the starting point or origin of an action or movement

source, origine

a thematic role associated with a noun phrase that indicates the place or position where an action or state occurs

emplacement, lieu

(semantics) the person who benefits from an action in a sentence

bénéfactif

a thematic role associated with a noun phrase that represents the entity to whom something is given or transferred

destinataire, récepteur