synonymy
nounthe relationship between words or expressions that have similar or identical meanings, or nearly identical meanings, in a particular context or language
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antonymy
nounthe relationship between words or expressions that have opposite or contrasting meanings
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hyponymy
nouna hierarchical relationship between words, where one word (the hyponym) represents a more specific or subordinate category within the meaning of another word (the hypernym)
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prototype
nounan exemplary representation of a category that embodies its essential features and serves as a reference for evaluating other members of the category
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homonymy
nouna linguistic phenomenon where words share the same form (spelling or pronunciation) but have different meanings, contributing to lexical ambiguity and requiring context for proper interpretation
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homophony
nouna linguistic phenomenon where different words have the same or similar pronunciation but may have different spellings and meanings, resulting in potential confusion and ambiguity in oral communication
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polysemy
nounthe phenomenon in language where a single word has multiple related meanings or senses, allowing for flexibility and richness of expression through context-dependent interpretation
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catachresis
nouna type of figurative language that involves the unconventional or strained use of words, often resulting in an unexpected or exaggerated expression
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scope
nounthe extent or range of meaning that a word, phrase, or grammatical construction has within a sentence or discourse
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modality
nounthe way in which language expresses the speaker's or writer's attitude, opinion, or degree of certainty regarding a statement or proposition
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semantic network
nouna graphical representation or structure that depicts relationships between concepts or entities in a language or knowledge domain
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word sense
nounthe specific meaning or interpretation of a word in a given context or language
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troponymy
nounthe study of how one word's meaning represents a specific way or type of another word's meaning within a particular category or field of language
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thematic role
nouna grammatical concept that represents the relationship between a noun phrase and the action or state described by a verb, indicating the role or function of the noun phrase in the event or situation
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semantic satiation
nouna psychological phenomenon where repeated exposure to a word or phrase leads to a temporary loss of its meaning or sense of familiarity
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lexical chain
nouna sequence of words or terms in a text that are semantically related or connected by their meaning
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semantic field
nouna group or set of words that are related in meaning and share a common semantic theme or category
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semantic relation
nounthe connections or associations between words or concepts based on their meaning
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conceptual metaphor
nouna cognitive mechanism in which abstract or complex ideas are understood and expressed in terms of more concrete or familiar concepts
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conceptual metonymy
nouna cognitive process in which one concept is understood or represented in terms of another concept based on a conceptual or cognitive association between them, often involving contiguity or a part-whole relationship
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agent
nouna grammatical role or semantic role that refers to the entity that performs or initiates an action or event in a sentence or a clause
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broadening
nouna process where the meaning of a word or concept expands or becomes more inclusive, encompassing a wider range of referents or interpretations than its original or core meaning
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epithet
nouna word or phrase applied to something to convey its character or essence in a descriptive sense
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word meaning
nounthe specific sense or interpretation attributed to a word in a particular context
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accidental gap
nouna situation where a language lacks a specific word or lexical item to express a particular concept or meaning
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content word
nouna word that carries semantic meaning and contributes to the overall content and understanding of a sentence, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
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concept
nouna principle or idea that is abstract
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meronymy
nouna linguistic concept that describes the relationship between a word that represents a whole object and a word that represents a part or subset of that object
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sign system
nouna structured system of signs, symbols, or codes that are used to communicate meaning within a particular context or domain
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circular definition
nouna type of definition that uses the term being defined as part of the definition itself, resulting in an uninformative or logically flawed explanation
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definition
nounthe act or process of explaining the meaning of a word, concept, or term
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holonym
nouna term used in semantics and linguistics to refer to a word that represents a whole or complete entity, while its parts are referred to as meronyms.
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homograph
noun(grammar) one of two or more words that are spelled the same but differ in meaning
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descriptor
nouna word or phrase that describes or provides information about something
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denotation
nounthe objective and dictionary-based meaning of a word, representing its core and universally accepted definition
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connotation
nouna feeling or an idea suggested by a word aside from its literal or primary meaning
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untranslatability
nounthe condition when a word, phrase, or concept from one language lacks an equivalent or precise translation in another language due to cultural, linguistic, or contextual differences
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co-hyponym
nouna word or phrase that belongs to the same semantic field as another word or phrase and shares the same hypernym, representing a distinct subcategory or specific instance within that field
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hypernym
nouna word or concept that represents a broader or more general category and encompasses other words or concepts within that category, known as hyponyms
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instrument
nouna semantic role that refers to the entity or object that is used to carry out or perform an action denoted by the verb in a sentence
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theme
nounthe main focus or subject of a sentence or an action
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associative meaning
nounthe additional connotations or associations that a word or expression may evoke beyond its literal or primary meaning
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conceptual meaning
nounthe abstract understanding and mental representation associated with a word or expression
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semantic root
nounthe minimal, irreducible unit of meaning within a word
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monosemy
nounthe condition in which a word or expression has only one primary or dominant meaning, without significant ambiguity or variation in interpretation. It contrasts with polysemy, where a word has multiple related meanings
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sign
nouna unit or entity that carries meaning and represents a concept, idea, or object, often through a system of arbitrary associations between the signifier and the signified
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signifier
nounthe physical or perceptible form of a sign, such as a word, sound, image, or gesture, that represents or signifies a particular meaning or concept
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signified
nounthe concept, meaning, or idea that a sign represents or signifies
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patient
nounthe entity that undergoes or experiences an action or change as a result of an event
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experiencer
nouna semantic role assigned to the entity that undergoes an emotional or perceptual experience, such as feeling, sensing, or perceiving something
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goal
nouna role assigned to the entity that represents the target or endpoint of an action or movement
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source
nouna role assigned to the entity that represents the starting point or origin of an action or movement
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location
nouna thematic role associated with a noun phrase that indicates the place or position where an action or state occurs
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beneficiary
noun(semantics) the person who benefits from an action in a sentence
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recipient
nouna thematic role associated with a noun phrase that represents the entity to whom something is given or transferred
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