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Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL - Engineering and Research

Here you will learn some English words about engineering and research, such as "wire", "switch", "crane", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
apparatus
apparatus
[noun]

tools or machines that are designed for a specific purpose

Ex: The laboratory apparatus included microscopes, test tubes, and beakers. 
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instrument

a device or tool that requires specific knowledge on how to be used

Ex: The scientist used a complex instrument to measure the chemical reactions accurately. 
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microchip
microchip
[noun]

a small piece of material that is a semiconductor, used to make an integrated circuit

Ex: The computer’s performance improved after upgrading its microchip. 
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telescope
telescope
[noun]

a piece of equipment by which the far objects, particularly those in space, are made clearly visible

Ex: He used a telescope to observe the stars. 
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wire
wire
[noun]

a long and thin piece of metal that carries an electric current

Ex: The electrician installed new wire to ensure the lights functioned properly. 
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switch
switch
[noun]

something such as a button or key that turns a machine, lamp, etc. on or off

Ex: She pressed the switch to turn on the light in the room. 
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sensor
sensor
[noun]

a machine or device that detects any changes in the environment and sends the information to other electronic devices

Ex: The temperature sensor measures the heat in the environment to adjust the heating system. 
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circuit
circuit
[noun]

the complete circle through which an electric current flows, typically consists of the source of electric energy

Ex: The electrical circuit is designed to power the light bulb when the switch is turned on. 
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screw
screw
[noun]

a metal fastener with a spiral thread that is turned into material to hold objects together

Ex: Daniel tightened the loose screw in the cabinet door. 
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machinery
machinery
[noun]

machines, especially large or complex ones, considered collectively

Ex: The factory invested in new machinery to increase production. 
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mechanical
mechanical
[Adjective]

operated by a machine or by a system of moving parts

Ex: The old clock uses a mechanical movement rather than an electronic one. 
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cable
cable
[noun]

a set of insulated wires or fibers used to carry electricity or electronic signals

Ex: Emma connected the monitor with a new cable. 
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crane
crane
[noun]

a very large tall machine used for lifting heavy objects

Ex: The construction site buzzed with activity as the crane lifted steel beams into place for the new skyscraper. 
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capacity
capacity
[noun]

the quantity that is possible by a machine, etc. to produce

Ex: The capacity of the factory increased with the installation of new machinery. 
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to service

to maintain, repair, or prepare something so that it is fit for use

Ex: Regularly servicing equipment extends its lifespan. 
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prototype
prototype
[noun]

an early or preliminary model of something from which other forms are developed or copied

Ex: The engineers created a prototype of the new electric car to test its performance and safety features. 
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current
current
[noun]

a flow of electricity resulted from the movement of electrically charged particles in a direction

Ex: An alternating current is commonly used to power household appliances. 
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adapter
adapter
[noun]

a device used for connecting two pieces of equipment that are not compatible with each other

Ex: She used a plug adapter to charge her laptop overseas. 
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to model
to model
[Verb]

to make a representation of something, especially one based on mathematics

Ex: Economists model supply and demand to understand market trends and make forecasts. 
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laboratory

a room or building equipped for scientific research, experiments, testing, or the production of chemicals or medicines

Ex: Sarah spent the afternoon analyzing samples in the laboratory. 
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sample
sample
[noun]

a small amount of a substance taken from a larger amount used for scientific analysis or therapeutic experiment

Ex: The lab technician collected a blood sample for analysis. 
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method
method
[noun]

a specific way or process of doing something, particularly an established or systematic one

Ex: The scientific method involves systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation. 
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to conduct

to direct or participate in the management, organization, or execution of something

Ex: The experienced project manager will conduct the team in implementing the new software. 
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evaluation

a judgment on the quantity and quality of something after careful consideration

Ex: The evaluation of the project's success will be based on the achievement of key performance indicators. 
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experimental
experimental
[Adjective]

relating to or involving scientific experiments, especially those designed to test hypotheses or explore new ideas

Ex: The experimental study investigated the effects of meditation on stress levels. 
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finding
finding
[noun]

a piece of information discovered as a result of a research

Ex: The scientist's finding revealed a new way to treat the disease. 
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hypothesis

a proposed explanation for a situation or set of facts that has not yet been proved

Ex: One hypothesis is that the decline was caused by changing consumer habits. 
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guinea pig

someone on whom scientific experiments are tested

Ex: The patients felt like guinea pigs in an unfinished drug trial. 
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to detect
to detect
[Verb]

to notice or discover something that is difficult to find

Ex: The security system is designed to detect unauthorized access to the building. 
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to classify

to arrange people or things into groups according to shared characteristics or qualities

Ex: The library classifies books according to subject. 
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discovery
discovery
[noun]

the act of finding something for the first time and before others

Ex: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine by introducing the first antibiotic. 
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archeologist

a person whose job is to study ancient societies using facts, objects, buildings, etc. remaining in excavation sites

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