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Advanced Vocabulary for TOEFL - Literature and Writing

Here you will learn some English words about literature and writing, such as "lurid", "epic", "psalm", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
abridged
abridged
[Adjective]

(a book, play, text, etc.) made shorter than the original by omitting some details

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allegorical
allegorical
[Adjective]

(of a story, play, image, etc.) using characters or events in a symbolic sense that represent a concept, quality, etc.

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lurid
lurid
[Adjective]

shocking or sensational, especially in a gruesome or vulgar way

Ex: The lurid revelations of sexual misconduct by a prominent politician led to widespread outrage and calls for resignation, highlighting a profound breach of ethical conduct. 
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turgid
turgid
[Adjective]

(of speech or writing) using a serious and elevated style that makes it tedious and complicated

Ex: The professor’s lecture was so turgid that many students struggled to stay awake. 
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acrostic
acrostic
[noun]

a poem or other piece of writing in which certain letters of each line, usually the initial letters, spell out a word or phrase

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burlesque
burlesque
[noun]

an absurd or comically exaggerated replication of a literary or dramatic work

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doggerel
doggerel
[noun]

humorous and poorly written poetry

Ex: The book club laughed at the doggerel recited by the aspiring poet. 
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elegy
elegy
[noun]

a song or poem expressing sadness, especially in the memory of a dead person or a bitter event in the past

Ex: The poet composed an elegy to mourn the passing of a beloved friend, capturing the grief and longing felt by those left behind. 
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epic
epic
[noun]

a long poem in narrative form giving an account of the extraordinary deeds and adventures of a nation's heroes or legends

Ex: The Iliad is one of the greatest epics of ancient Greek literature. 
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haiku
haiku
[noun]

a Japanese poem with three unrhymed lines that have five, seven and five syllables each

Ex: She wrote a haiku about the changing seasons. 
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lament
lament
[noun]

a song, musical piece, poem, etc. that expresses the feeling of sorrow and sadness after a loss or death

Ex: The mournful lament played at the funeral echoed the grief of the attendees. 
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lampoon
lampoon
[noun]

a drawing, speech, or text aiming to criticize something or someone in a humorous manner

Ex: The editorial used a clever lampoon to poke fun at the politician's recent gaffe. 
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ode
ode
[noun]

a lyric poem, written in varied or irregular metrical form, for a particular object, person, or concept

Ex: The poet wrote an ode to celebrate the beauty of nature. 
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parody
parody
[noun]

a piece of writing, music, etc. that imitates the style of someone else in a humorous way

Ex: The comedian's parody of the popular song went viral, making people laugh with its clever and humorous lyrics. 
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psalm
psalm
[noun]

any holy poem, song, or hymn, especially the ones in the Book of Psalms, used in Christian and Jewish worship

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sonnet
sonnet
[noun]

a verse of Italian origin that has 14 lines, usually in an iambic pentameter and a prescribed rhyme scheme

Ex: He struggled to fit his thoughts into the strict format of a sonnet. 
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bard
bard
[noun]

a person who writes pieces of poetry and stories

Ex: In medieval times, the bard entertained the court with tales of heroism and love. 
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stanza
stanza
[noun]

a series of lines in a poem, usually with recurring rhyme scheme and meter

Ex: The poem was structured with four stanzas, each following a different theme. 
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canto
canto
[noun]

any of the sections into which a long poem is divided

Ex: He plans to write a new canto for his poem that reflects the changing seasons. 
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conceit
conceit
[noun]

an elaborate or far-fetched poetic image or comparison between very dissimilar things, used in literature

Ex: John Donne's metaphysical poetry is famous for its conceits, such as comparing lovers to a compass. 
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enjambement

the continuation of a line of poetry into another couplet or stanza without a break

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rhetoric
rhetoric
[noun]

bombastic or meaningless language

Ex: The council meeting was dominated by rhetoric with no solutions. 
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prosody
prosody
[noun]

the systematic study of metrical structures and sounds in poetry

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addendum
addendum
[noun]

a section of additional material that is usually added at the end of a book

Ex: The book included an addendum with updated statistics on the topic. 
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antagonist

villainous character who strongly opposes another person or thing

Ex: The antagonist in the novel was a cunning and ruthless villain, determined to thwart the protagonist's plans at every turn. 
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appendix
appendix
[noun]

a separate part at the end of a book that gives further information

Ex: The appendix of the research paper contained supplementary tables and charts referenced in the main text. 
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blurb
blurb
[noun]

a short promotional description of a book, motion picture, etc. published on the cover of a book or in an advertisement

Ex: The blurb on the back cover of the novel provides a brief summary of the plot to entice readers. 
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marginalia

marks and notes written in the margins of a book or document

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glossary
glossary
[noun]

a list of technical terms or jargons of a particular field or text, provided in alphabetical order with an explanation for each one

Ex: The textbook includes a glossary at the end, providing definitions for key terms and concepts. 
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erratum
erratum
[noun]

an error in a written or printed document

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canon
canon
[noun]

generally accepted rules or principles, especially those that are considered as fundamental in a field of art or philosophy

Ex: In literature, Shakespeare's plays are often considered part of the canon, representing some of the most significant works in English literature. 
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motif
motif
[noun]

a subject, idea, or phrase that is repeatedly used in a literary work

Ex: The motif of the "hero's journey" is a common theme in many epic tales, symbolizing the protagonist's growth and transformation. 
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codex
codex
[noun]

an ancient book, written by hand, especially of scriptures, classics, etc.

Ex: The museum's prized exhibit is an illuminated codex from the medieval period, featuring intricately detailed illustrations and calligraphy. 
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magnum opus

the greatest literary or artistic piece that an author or artist has created

Ex: Many critics consider Beethoven's Ninth Symphony to be his magnum opus, showcasing the pinnacle of his musical genius. 
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novella
novella
[noun]

a work of fiction with an intermediate length, which could be considered a short novel

Ex: The author released a novella that explored themes of love and loss. 
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plot hole
plot hole
[noun]

an apparent mistake or inconsistency in the narrative of a book, motion picture, etc.

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prolixity
prolixity
[noun]

the fact of having an excessive number of words that results in being tedious

Ex: The professor's lecture was criticized for its prolixity, as many students found the excessive detail and lengthy explanations overwhelming and tedious. 
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to satirize

to use satire in order to criticize or ridicule a system, person, etc.

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epilogue
epilogue
[noun]

a brief section added at the end of a literary work, providing closure, commentary, or resolution

Ex: The novel concluded with an epilogue explaining the characters' futures. 
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