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Linguistics - Morphology and Lexicology

Here you will learn some English words related to morphology and lexicology such as "affix", "stem", and "lexeme".

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Words Related to Linguistics
abbreviation

the shortened form of a word, etc.

Ex: The abbreviation 'CEO' stands for Chief Executive Officer. 
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affixation

a process in morphology where affixes, which are bound morphemes, are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify the meaning or grammatical function of existing words

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affix
affix
[noun]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

Ex: English grammar includes prefixes and suffixes as types of affixes. 
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contraction

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

Ex: In casual speech, contractions like "don't" and "didn't" are frequently used. 
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prefix
prefix
[noun]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

Ex: Understanding common prefixes, such as 'pre-' and 'dis-,' can help students decode unfamiliar words. 
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ending
ending
[noun]

the last part of a word, added to the main part

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suffix
suffix
[noun]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

Ex: Adding the suffix '-ly' to 'quick' changes the word to 'quickly,' turning it into an adverb. 
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acronym
acronym
[noun]

a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word

Ex: NASA is an acronym for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
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blending
blending
[noun]

a process in language where two or more words are combined to create a new word that retains elements or sounds from the original words

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numeronym
numeronym
[noun]

a type of abbreviation in which a word or phrase is represented by a series of numbers, with the numbers typically corresponding to the number of letters omitted between the first and last letter of the word or phrase

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bound morpheme

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word and must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning

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circumfix
circumfix
[noun]

a type of affix that consists of two parts, one attached to the beginning of a word and the other attached to the end

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transfixation

a morphological process in which a segment or a group of segments is inserted within a word, typically resulting in a change of the word's meaning or grammatical category

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analogy
analogy
[noun]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

Ex: The analogy between "sing" and "sang" helps learners understand verb changes. 
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coinage
coinage
[noun]

the process of inventing a word

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stem
stem
[noun]

(in linguistics) the base form of a word after removing affixes

Ex: In "unhappiness," the stem is "happy." 
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root
root
[noun]

(in linguistics) the base form of a word, remaining after removing all prefixes and suffixes

Ex: "Kind" is the root of "kindness." 
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free morpheme

a morpheme that can function as an independent word in a language

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infix
infix
[noun]

a type of bound morpheme that is inserted within a word

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clitic
clitic
[noun]

a linguistic element that functions as a word but behaves phonologically or syntactically as a bound morpheme, often attaching to other words and lacking independent stress or full syntactic independence

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word formation

the process of creating new words or modifying existing ones through morphological and lexical mechanisms in a language

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lexeme
lexeme
[noun]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

Ex: A lexeme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, encompassing both a word and all its inflected forms. 
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derivation

a morphological process in language where new words are formed by adding affixes or making internal modifications to a base or root word, resulting in a change in meaning, part of speech, or both

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inflection

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

Ex: Verb inflection in English shows tense, as in "walk" vs. "walked." 
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back-formation

a word-formation process in which a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly perceived as a derivative affix from an existing word, often resulting in a shorter word with a different part of speech

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compounding

a word-formation process in which two or more individual words are combined to create a new word, typically resulting in a compound with a meaning that is related to or derived from the meanings of the individual words

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conversion

a word-formation process in which a word changes its grammatical category or part of speech without any accompanying morphological changes, such as when a noun becomes a verb or a verb becomes a noun

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paradigm
paradigm
[noun]

a structured set showing how a word changes to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, or case

Ex: The verb run has the paradigm: run, runs, ran, running. 
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lexicon
lexicon
[noun]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

Ex: The lexicon of a language encompasses all the words and phrases that speakers use to communicate meaning. 
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clipping
clipping
[noun]

the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables

Ex: Clipping is a morphological process in linguistics where a longer word is shortened without changing its meaning, often resulting in a more casual or familiar term. 
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hypocorism

a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy

Ex: Hypocorism is the use of a pet name or affectionate form of a proper name, often involving a diminutive or altered version of the original name. 
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morphemization

the process of creating or treating a group of phonological segments as a distinct morpheme, which carries meaning and can be combined with other morphemes to form words

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agglutination

a linguistic process where affixes attach to a root word, each keeping a distinct meaning and form

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lexical morpheme

a type of morpheme that carries the core lexical or semantic meaning of a word

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vocabulary

all the words used in a particular language or subject

Ex: His vocabulary in Spanish is quite extensive for a beginner. 
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derivative

(in linguistics) a word that is developed from another word or base

Ex: The word "happiness" is a derivative of "happy." 
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base
base
[noun]

(linguistics) the form to which affixes or other morphological operations are added to create a new word

Ex: In "unhappiness," the base is "happy." 
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nominalization

a process in language where a word or phrase, typically a verb or an adjective, is transformed into a noun, either by adding a suffix or by changing its syntactic function, allowing the expression of concepts or actions as nominal entities

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lexicalization

a process in which a word or phrase evolves from being a combination of grammatical elements or a non-lexicalized expression to becoming an established lexical unit with its own meaning and usage

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diminutive

a word form or affix that is added to a base word to express smallness, endearment, or a sense of familiarity

Ex: The word “duckling” is a diminutive of “duck.” 
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protologism

a newly created word or expression that has not yet gained widespread acceptance or recognition within a language community

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ghost word

a non-existent or erroneous word that has been mistakenly created and entered into a dictionary or other linguistic sources

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pseudoword

a string of letters or sounds that resemble real words but do not have any actual meaning or lexical representation in a particular language

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nonce word

a term or expression created and used for a specific occasion or context, typically with a limited or one-time purpose, and not intended for long-term or widespread usage

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hapax legomenon

a word or form that appears only once within a specific corpus or body of text

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morph
morph
[noun]

the smallest unit of a word's sound or written form that conveys a distinct grammatical or lexical meaning

Ex: The plural suffix -s is a morph indicating more than one. 
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morpheme
morpheme
[noun]

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

Ex: In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function in a language. 
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functional morpheme

a type of morpheme that conveys grammatical information and serves a functional role in a sentence, rather than carrying lexical or content-related meaning

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lexical unit

(linguistics) a word, a group of words or a part of word that has a meaning and forms the basic element of any language

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portmanteau word

a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds

Ex: The term "brunch" is a portmanteau word that combines "breakfast" and "lunch." 
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lexis
lexis
[noun]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

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word
word
[noun]

(grammar) a unit of language that has a specific meaning

Ex: The word "friendship" holds a special meaning for her. 
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collocation

a particular combination of words that are used together very often

Ex: In language learning, understanding collocations helps in using words in their most natural and common combinations. 
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idiom
idiom
[noun]

a group of words or a phrase that has a meaning different from the literal interpretation of its individual words, often specific to a particular language or culture

Ex: The idiom 'kick the bucket' means to die, and its meaning is quite different from the literal interpretation of kicking a bucket. 
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lexical ambiguity

a situation in which a word or phrase has multiple meanings or interpretations, often leading to confusion or uncertainty in understanding the intended message or context

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reduplication

the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function

Ex: Reduplication is a morphological process in linguistics where a part or the entirety of a word is repeated to convey grammatical or semantic changes. 
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blocking
blocking
[noun]

a phenomenon where the presence of one linguistic form prevents the occurrence or acceptance of another form with a similar meaning or function

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lexical rule

a set of principles or patterns that govern the formation or derivation of words and their meanings within a particular language or lexical system

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sniglet
sniglet
[noun]

a playful, made-up word used to describe something for which there is no existing term, often adding humor and creativity to language

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phono-semantic matching

the process in which a new word or morpheme is created by combining a sound component that resembles an existing word with a semantic component that reflects its meaning

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