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Kosakata Lanjutan untuk TOEFL - Bahasa dan Tata Bahasa

Di sini Anda akan mempelajari beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris tentang bahasa dan tata bahasa, seperti "etimologi", "gender", "kiasan", dll. yang diperlukan untuk ujian TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
etymology
[Kata benda]

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

etimologi

etimologi

Ex: The etymology of " amplify " reveals its roots in Latin " amplus , " meaning large or spacious .**Etimologi** dari "amplify" mengungkapkan akarnya dalam bahasa Latin "amplus," yang berarti besar atau luas.
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phonetics
[Kata benda]

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

fonetik

fonetik

Ex: Phonetics plays a crucial role in language learning and teaching , helping learners to accurately pronounce and recognize the sounds of a foreign language .**Fonetik** memainkan peran penting dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran bahasa, membantu pelajar untuk mengucapkan dan mengenali suara bahasa asing dengan akurat.
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linguistics
[Kata benda]

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

linguistik, ilmu bahasa

linguistik, ilmu bahasa

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declension
[Kata benda]

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

deklinasi, perubahan bentuk kata benda

deklinasi, perubahan bentuk kata benda

Ex: The Old English language had a complex system of declension, with different forms for nouns depending on case , number , and gender .Bahasa Inggris Kuno memiliki sistem **deklinasi** yang kompleks, dengan bentuk yang berbeda untuk kata benda tergantung pada kasus, jumlah, dan gender.
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to conjugate
[kata kerja]

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

mengkonjugasi

mengkonjugasi

Ex: The linguistics professor explained how different languages conjugate verbs differently based on their grammatical structures.Profesor linguistik menjelaskan bagaimana bahasa yang berbeda **mengkonjugasikan** kata kerja secara berbeda berdasarkan struktur tata bahasanya.
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gender
[Kata benda]

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

jenis kelamin

jenis kelamin

Ex: In linguistics , gender is a grammatical category that plays a role in agreement between nouns , pronouns , adjectives , and articles within a sentence .Dalam linguistik, **gender** adalah kategori gramatikal yang berperan dalam kesepakatan antara kata benda, kata ganti, kata sifat, dan artikel dalam sebuah kalimat.
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subjunctive
[Adjektiva]

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

subjungtif, dari subjungtif

subjungtif, dari subjungtif

Ex: In English, the subjunctive mood is less common than in other languages but can still be found in expressions like 'God save the Queen' or 'Long live the king.Dalam bahasa Inggris, **subjunctive mood** kurang umum dibandingkan dalam bahasa lain tetapi masih dapat ditemukan dalam ungkapan seperti 'God save the Queen' atau 'Long live the king'.
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prefix
[Kata benda]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

awalan

awalan

Ex: The dictionary provided a list of prefixes and their meanings to help with word formation and understanding .Kamus menyediakan daftar **awalan** dan artinya untuk membantu pembentukan dan pemahaman kata.
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suffix
[Kata benda]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

akhiran, sufiks

akhiran, sufiks

Ex: Students practiced adding different suffixes to root words to see how their meanings changed .Siswa berlatih menambahkan berbagai **akhiran** ke kata dasar untuk melihat bagaimana artinya berubah.
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adjectival
[Adjektiva]

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

kata sifat, adjektiva

kata sifat, adjektiva

Ex: The word "bright" is an adjectival description of a color in the phrase "bright yellow."Kata "bright" adalah deskripsi **adjektival** dari warna dalam frasa "bright yellow".
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adverbial
[Adjektiva]

connected with or functioning as an adverb

adverbial, berhubungan dengan adverbia

adverbial, berhubungan dengan adverbia

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jargon
[Kata benda]

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

jargon, bahasa khusus

jargon, bahasa khusus

Ex: Military jargon includes phrases like 'AWOL,' 'RECON,' and 'FOB,' which are part of the everyday language for service members but might be puzzling to civilians.**Jargon** militer mencakup frasa seperti 'AWOL', 'RECON', dan 'FOB', yang merupakan bagian dari bahasa sehari-hari bagi anggota dinas tetapi mungkin membingungkan bagi warga sipil.
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sarcasm
[Kata benda]

the use of words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

sarkasme, ironi

sarkasme, ironi

Ex: The comedian ’s sarcasm about everyday situations made his stand-up routine incredibly funny .**Sarkasme** komedian tentang situasi sehari-hari membuat pertunjukan stand-up-nya sangat lucu.
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allusion
[Kata benda]

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

kiasan, referensi

kiasan, referensi

Ex: The poet 's allusion to Icarus served as a cautionary tale about the dangers of overambition and hubris .**Alusi** penyair kepada Icarus berfungsi sebagai peringatan tentang bahaya ambisi yang berlebihan dan kesombongan.
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analogy
[Kata benda]

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

analogi

analogi

Ex: The analogy between a bird ’s wings and an airplane ’s wings helped students understand flight .**Analogi** antara sayap burung dan sayap pesawat membantu siswa memahami penerbangan.
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alliteration
[Kata benda]

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

aliterasi

aliterasi

Ex: The advertising slogan 's alliteration made it memorable and catchy .**Aliterasi** slogan iklan membuatnya mudah diingat dan menarik.
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to articulate
[kata kerja]

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

mengucapkan dengan jelas, menyampaikan dengan jelas

mengucapkan dengan jelas, menyampaikan dengan jelas

Ex: In the speech therapy session , he worked on how to articulate difficult sounds .Dalam sesi terapi wicara, dia bekerja pada cara **mengartikulasikan** suara yang sulit.
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affirmative
[Adjektiva]

conveying or expressing a positive reply

afirmatif, positif

afirmatif, positif

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euphemism
[Kata benda]

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eufemisme, ungkapan halus

eufemisme, ungkapan halus

Ex: In polite conversation , people might use the euphemism ' restroom ' or ' bathroom ' instead of ' toilet ' to refer to a place where one can relieve themselves .Dalam percakapan sopan, orang mungkin menggunakan **eufemisme** 'kamar mandi' atau 'toilet' alih-alih 'toilet' untuk merujuk ke tempat di mana seseorang dapat meringankan diri.
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irony
[Kata benda]

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironi

ironi

Ex: Through irony, she pointed out the flaws in their logic without directly insulting them .Melalui **ironi**, dia menunjukkan kelemahan dalam logika mereka tanpa menghina mereka secara langsung.
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paradox
[Kata benda]

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

paradoks, kontradiksi logis

paradoks, kontradiksi logis

Ex: The famous paradox of Schrödinger 's cat illustrates the complexity of quantum mechanics .**Paradoks** terkenal kucing Schrödinger menggambarkan kompleksitas mekanika kuantum.
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hyperbole
[Kata benda]

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

hiperbola, berlebihan

hiperbola, berlebihan

Ex: The politician 's speech was rife with hyperbole, promising to " solve all of society 's problems overnight " if elected .Pidato politikus itu penuh dengan **hiperbola**, berjanji untuk "menyelesaikan semua masalah masyarakat dalam semalam" jika terpilih.
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pun
[Kata benda]

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

permainan kata, pun

permainan kata, pun

Ex: The pun in the advertisement was so funny that it went viral on social media .**Permainan kata** dalam iklan itu sangat lucu sehingga menjadi viral di media sosial.
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rhetorical
[Adjektiva]

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

retoris, oratoris

retoris, oratoris

Ex: The teacher taught her students how to craft rhetorical appeals to strengthen their persuasive essays .Guru mengajarkan murid-muridnya cara membuat daya tarik **retoris** untuk memperkuat esai persuasif mereka.
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satire
[Kata benda]

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

satir, ironi

satir, ironi

Ex: Satire can be a powerful tool for social commentary and change.**Satir** bisa menjadi alat yang kuat untuk komentar sosial dan perubahan.
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tautology
[Kata benda]

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautologi, pengulangan yang tidak perlu

tautologi, pengulangan yang tidak perlu

Ex: Writers and speakers are often advised to avoid tautology to ensure their communication is clear and concise without unnecessary repetition .Penulis dan pembicara sering disarankan untuk menghindari **tautologi** untuk memastikan komunikasi mereka jelas dan ringkas tanpa pengulangan yang tidak perlu.
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idiolect
[Kata benda]

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

idiolek, pola bicara individu

idiolek, pola bicara individu

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asterisk
[Kata benda]

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

tanda bintang, asterisk

tanda bintang, asterisk

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to punctuate
[kata kerja]

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

memberi tanda baca

memberi tanda baca

Ex: Learning how to punctuate complex sentences with colons and dashes can greatly improve your writing style and clarity .Belajar cara **memberi tanda baca** pada kalimat kompleks dengan titik dua dan tanda pisah dapat sangat meningkatkan gaya penulisan dan kejelasan Anda.
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phoneme
[Kata benda]

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

fonem, unit bunyi

fonem, unit bunyi

Ex: The study of phonemes and their distribution helps linguists analyze speech sounds and patterns across languages .Studi tentang **fonem** dan distribusinya membantu para ahli bahasa menganalisis bunyi dan pola bicara dalam berbagai bahasa.
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semantics
[Kata benda]

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

semantik

semantik

Ex: Differences in semantics can lead to misunderstandings , especially when translating between languages with distinct cultural contexts .Perbedaan dalam **semantik** dapat menyebabkan kesalahpahaman, terutama saat menerjemahkan antara bahasa dengan konteks budaya yang berbeda.
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syntax
[Kata benda]

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

sintaksis, struktur gramatikal

sintaksis, struktur gramatikal

Ex: Syntax analysis helps in identifying how sentence elements like nouns , verbs , and adjectives interact within a given linguistic framework .
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mood
[Kata benda]

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

modus, cara

modus, cara

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lexis
[Kata benda]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

leksikon, kosakata

leksikon, kosakata

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lexicon
[Kata benda]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

leksikon, kosakata

leksikon, kosakata

Ex: Building a diverse lexicon through reading and exposure to different contexts enriches one 's language skills and communication abilities .Membangun **leksikon** yang beragam melalui membaca dan terpapar pada berbagai konteks memperkaya keterampilan bahasa dan kemampuan komunikasi seseorang.
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homophone
[Kata benda]

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homofon, kata homofon

homofon, kata homofon

Ex: English learners often find homophones tricky because they sound the same but are spelled differently .Pembelajar bahasa Inggris sering kali merasa **homofon** rumit karena bunyinya sama tetapi penulisannya berbeda.
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homonym
[Kata benda]

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonym, homofon

homonym, homofon

Ex: " Match " is a homonym— it can mean a competition or a stick used to start a fire .**Homonym** adalah kata yang dapat berarti kompetisi atau tongkat yang digunakan untuk menyalakan api.
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