Розширений Словниковий Запас для TOEFL - Мова і граматика

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

етимологія

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

фонетика

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

мовознавство, лінгвістика

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

схилення, граматичне схилення

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

спрягати, кон'югувати

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

рід, граматичний рід

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

суб'єктивний, сословне наклонення

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

префікс

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

суфікс

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

прикметниковий, ад'єктивний

connected with or functioning as an adverb

адвербійний, прислівниковий

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

жаргон, терміни

the practice of uttering words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

сарказм

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

алюзія, посилання

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

аналогія, порівняння

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

алітерація

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

артикулювати, виразити

conveying or expressing a positive reply

стверджувальний, позитивний

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

евфемізм

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

іронія

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

парадокс

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

гіпербола, перебільшення

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

гру слов, каламбур

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

риторичний, красномовний

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

сатира, сатири

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

тавтологія

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

ідилект, ідилект (лінгвістика)

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

зірочка

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

пунктирувати, ставити розділові знаки

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

фонема

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

семантика

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

синтаксис, структура речень

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

настрій, муд

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

лексис, словниковий склад

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

лексикон, словник

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

омофон

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

омонім