واژگان سطح پیشرفته برای TOEFL - زبان و گرامر

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

ریشه‌شناسی (واژگان)

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

آواشناسی (زبان‌شناسی)

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

زبان‌شناسی

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

صرف (زبان‌شناسی)

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

صرف کردن (دستورزبان)

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

جنس (دستورزبان)

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

التزامی (دستورزبان)

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

پیشوند

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

پسوند

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

موصوفی, صفتی، در نقش صفت

connected with or functioning as an adverb

قیدی

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

اصطلاحات مخصوص یک صنف, زبان فنی

the practice of uttering words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

کنایه, طعنه

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

تلمیح

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

مقایسه, آنالوژی

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

واج‌آرایی

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

شیوا صحبت کردن, شمرده سخن گفتن

conveying or expressing a positive reply

مثبت (دستورزبان)

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

حسن تعبیر, بـه‌گویی

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

وارونه‌گویی, گواژه

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

پارادوکس

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

اغراق (آرایه ادبی)

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

جناس (آرایه ادبی), ایهام

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

مربوط به زیباشناسی سخن, مربوط به آرایه ادبی

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

طنز

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

همان‌گویی (معنی‌شناسی), توتولوژی

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

گویش فردی

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

ستاره (نشانه * در نشان‌گذاری), استریسک

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

نقطه‌گذاری کردن (دستورزبان), نشانه‌گذاری کردن

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

واج (آواشناسی)

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

معناشناسی (زبان‌شناسی)

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

نحو (زبان‌شناسی), علم ترکیب

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

وجه (دستورزبان)

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

واژگان (کلیه واژه‌های یک زبان)

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

گستره واژگان

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

هم‌آوا

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

هم‌نام (زبان‌شناسی)