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TOEFL のための上級語彙 - 言語と文法

TOEFL試験に必要な「語源」「性別」「暗示」など、言語や文法に関する英単語を学びます。

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
etymology

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

語源

語源

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[名詞]
phonetics

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

音声学

音声学

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[名詞]
linguistics

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

言語学

言語学

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[名詞]
declension

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

屈折

屈折

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[名詞]
to conjugate

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

活用する

活用する

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[動詞]
gender

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

性

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[名詞]
subjunctive

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

接続法

接続法

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[形容詞]
prefix

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

接頭辞

接頭辞

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[名詞]
suffix

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

接尾辞

接尾辞

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[名詞]
adjectival

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

形容詞的な

形容詞的な

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[形容詞]
adverbial

connected with or functioning as an adverb

副詞的

副詞的

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[形容詞]
jargon

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

専門用語

専門用語

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[名詞]
sarcasm

the practice of uttering words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

皮肉

皮肉

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[名詞]
allusion

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

暗示

暗示

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[名詞]
analogy

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

類推

類推

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[名詞]
alliteration

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

頭韻

頭韻

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[名詞]
to articulate

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

明確に述べる

明確に述べる

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[動詞]
affirmative

conveying or expressing a positive reply

肯定的な

肯定的な

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[形容詞]
euphemism

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

婉曲語

婉曲語

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[名詞]
irony

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

皮肉

皮肉

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[名詞]
paradox

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

パラドックス

パラドックス

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[名詞]
hyperbole

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

誇張

誇張

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[名詞]
pun

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

言葉遊び

言葉遊び

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[名詞]
rhetorical

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

修辞的な

修辞的な

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[形容詞]
satire

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

サティア

サティア

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[名詞]
tautology

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

同義反復

同義反復

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[名詞]
idiolect

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

イディオレクト

イディオレクト

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[名詞]
asterisk

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

アスタリスク

アスタリスク

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[名詞]
to punctuate

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

句読点を使う

句読点を使う

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[動詞]
phoneme

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

音素

音素

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[名詞]
semantics

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

意味論

意味論

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[名詞]
syntax

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

構文

構文

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[名詞]
mood

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

ムード

ムード

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[名詞]
lexis

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

レキシス

レキシス

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[名詞]
lexicon

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

レキシコン

レキシコン

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[名詞]
homophone

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

同音異義語

同音異義語

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[名詞]
homonym

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

同音異義語

同音異義語

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[名詞]
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