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Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Wika at Balarila

Dito matututo ka ng ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa wika at gramatika, tulad ng "etimolohiya", "kasarian", "pahiwatig", atbp. na kailangan para sa pagsusulit na TOEFL.

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Pagsusulit

Simulan ang pag-aaral
Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
etymology
etymology
[Pangngalan]

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

etimolohiya

etimolohiya

Ex: Linguists trace the etymology of "vocabulary" back to Latin "vocabulum," meaning word. 

Sinusuri ng mga lingguwista ang etimolohiya ng "talasalitaan" pabalik sa Latin na "vocabulum," na nangangahulugang salita.

phonetics
phonetics
[Pangngalan]

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

ponetika

ponetika

Ex: Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech, including their production, transmission, and reception. 
linguistics
linguistics
[Pangngalan]

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

lingguwistika, agham ng wika

lingguwistika, agham ng wika

declension
declension
[Pangngalan]

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

paglalapi, pagbabago ng pangngalan

paglalapi, pagbabago ng pangngalan

Ex: Studying the declension patterns of Russian nouns can be challenging for language learners due to the extensive variations in endings. 

Ang pag-aaral ng mga pattern ng declension ng mga pangngalang Ruso ay maaaring maging mahirap para sa mga nag-aaral ng wika dahil sa malawak na pagkakaiba-iba ng mga pagtatapos.

to conjugate
to conjugate
[Pandiwa]

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

i-conjugate

i-conjugate

Ex: In Spanish class, we learned how to conjugate regular verbs in the present tense. 

Sa klase ng Espanyol, natutunan namin kung paano i-conjugate ang mga regular na pandiwa sa present tense.

gender
gender
[Pangngalan]

a grammatical category that groups words as masculine, feminine, neuter, or another class

kasarian,  gramatikal na kasarian

kasarian, gramatikal na kasarian

Ex: Spanish nouns are assigned a grammatical gender. 
subjunctive
subjunctive
[pang-uri]

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

pandiwari, ng pandiwari

pandiwari, ng pandiwari

Ex: The subjunctive mood often appears in clauses introduced by certain conjunctions, such as 'if,' 'whether,' 'lest,' or 'that. 

Ang subjunctive mood ay madalas na lumilitaw sa mga sugnay na ipinakilala ng ilang pangatnig, tulad ng 'kung', 'kung', 'baka' o 'na'.

prefix
prefix
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

panlapi

panlapi

Ex: In the vocabulary lesson, they focused on how prefixes can alter the meanings of root words. 

Sa aralin ng bokabularyo, tumuon sila sa kung paano mababago ng mga panlapi ang mga kahulugan ng mga salitang-ugat.

suffix
suffix
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

hulapi, suffix

hulapi, suffix

Ex: Understanding how suffixes modify words is essential for expanding vocabulary and improving writing skills. 

Ang pag-unawa kung paano binabago ng mga suffix ang mga salita ay mahalaga para mapalawak ang bokabularyo at mapabuti ang mga kasanayan sa pagsusulat.

adjectival
adjectival
[pang-uri]

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

pang-uri, pang-uri

pang-uri, pang-uri

Ex: The word "beautiful" is an adjectival form that modifies nouns. 

Ang salitang "maganda" ay isang pang-uri na anyo na nagbabago ng mga pangngalan.

adverbial
adverbial
[pang-uri]

connected with or functioning as an adverb

pang-abay, may kaugnayan sa pang-abay

pang-abay, may kaugnayan sa pang-abay

jargon
jargon
[Pangngalan]

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

jargon, espesyal na wika

jargon, espesyal na wika

Ex: Medical professionals often use jargon such as 'stat,' 'BP,' and 'code blue,' which can be confusing to those outside the healthcare field. 

Ang mga propesyonal sa medisina ay madalas gumamit ng jargon tulad ng 'stat', 'BP', at 'code blue', na maaaring nakakalito sa mga nasa labas ng larangan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.

sarcasm
sarcasm
[Pangngalan]

the use of words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

sarkasmo, uyam

sarkasmo, uyam

Ex: His tone was full of sarcasm when he complimented her cooking skills, knowing she had burned dinner. 

Puno ng sarcasm ang tono niya nang purihin niya ang kanyang kakayahan sa pagluluto, alam niyang nasunog niya ang hapunan.

allusion
allusion
[Pangngalan]

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

pahiwatig, tukoy

pahiwatig, tukoy

Ex: Her comment about "meeting her Waterloo" was an allusion to Napoleon's final defeat, implying she faced an insurmountable challenge. 

Ang kanyang komento tungkol sa "pagkikita sa kanyang Waterloo" ay isang pahiwatig sa huling pagkatalo ni Napoleon, na nagpapahiwatig na naharap siya sa isang hindi malulutas na hamon.

analogy
analogy
[Pangngalan]

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

analohiya

analohiya

Ex: Emma employed the analogy of a river flowing downstream to illustrate the passage of time and the inevitability of change. 
alliteration
alliteration
[Pangngalan]

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

aliterasyon

aliterasyon

Ex: The poet employed alliteration to create a melodic effect in the verse. 

Ginamit ng makata ang alliteration upang lumikha ng isang melodikong epekto sa taludtod.

to articulate
to articulate
[Pandiwa]

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

bigkasin nang malinaw, ipahayag nang malinaw

bigkasin nang malinaw, ipahayag nang malinaw

Ex: The actor had to articulate each line of the script perfectly to convey the character's emotions. 
affirmative
affirmative
[pang-uri]

(grammar) expressing or indicating a positive statement or response

pang-ayon, positibo

pang-ayon, positibo

Ex: "Yes, I agree" is an affirmative sentence. 

"Oo, sumasang-ayon ako" ay isang pahayag na nagpapatibay.

euphemism
euphemism
[Pangngalan]

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eupemismo, malambing na pananalita

eupemismo, malambing na pananalita

Ex: "Between jobs" is a euphemism for being unemployed. 

"Sa pagitan ng mga trabaho" ay isang eupemismo para sa pagiging walang trabaho.

irony
irony
[Pangngalan]

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironya

ironya

Ex: His irony was so sharp that some people didn’t realize he was mocking them. 

Ang kanyang ironya ay napakatalas na ang ilang tao ay hindi napagtanto na siya ay nanunuya sa kanila.

paradox
paradox
[Pangngalan]

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

paradox, lohikal na kontradiksyon

paradox, lohikal na kontradiksyon

Ex: It's a paradox that the more choices we have, the harder it becomes to make a decision. 

Isang paradox na habang mas maraming pagpipilian ang mayroon tayo, mas mahirap gumawa ng desisyon.

hyperbole
hyperbole
[Pangngalan]

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

hayperbole, pagmamalabis

hayperbole, pagmamalabis

Ex: His statement that he'd slept for a century was a hyperbole to express his exhaustion. 

Ang kanyang pahayag na siya'y natulog ng isang siglo ay isang hyperbole upang ipahayag ang kanyang pagkapagod.

pun
pun
[Pangngalan]

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

paglalaro ng salita, pun

paglalaro ng salita, pun

Ex: She made a clever pun during the meeting that had everyone laughing. 

Gumawa siya ng isang matalinong paglalaro ng salita sa pulong na nagpatawa sa lahat.

rhetorical
rhetorical
[pang-uri]

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

retorikal, pangwika

retorikal, pangwika

Ex: His speech was filled with rhetorical devices such as metaphors and analogies to persuade the audience. 

Ang kanyang talumpati ay puno ng mga retorikal na aparato tulad ng mga talinghaga at analohiya upang mahikayat ang madla.

satire
satire
[Pangngalan]

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

satira, uyam

satira, uyam

Ex: Satire in literature often challenges societal norms and conventions. 

Ang satire sa panitikan ay madalas na humahamon sa mga pamantayan at kombensyon ng lipunan.

tautology
tautology
[Pangngalan]

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautolohiya, kalabisan

tautolohiya, kalabisan

Ex: "ATM machine" is a classic example of a tautology, as the "M" already stands for "machine." 

Ang "ATM machine" ay isang klasikong halimbawa ng tautolohiya, dahil ang "M" ay nangangahulugan na ng "machine" (makinang).

idiolect
idiolect
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

idiolect, indibidwal na paraan ng pagsasalita

idiolect, indibidwal na paraan ng pagsasalita

asterisk
asterisk
[Pangngalan]

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

asterisk, bituin

asterisk, bituin

to punctuate
to punctuate
[Pandiwa]

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

bantas

bantas

Ex: When you write an essay, it is important to punctuate your sentences correctly to ensure that your ideas are clearly communicated. 

Kapag sumusulat ka ng sanaysay, mahalagang tamang paggamit ng bantas ang iyong mga pangungusap upang matiyak na malinaw na naiparating ang iyong mga ideya.

phoneme
phoneme
[Pangngalan]

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

ponema, yunit ng tunog

ponema, yunit ng tunog

Ex: In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language that can change the meaning of a word. 

Sa lingguwistika, ang ponema ay ang pinakamaliit na natatanging yunit ng tunog sa isang wika na maaaring magbago ng kahulugan ng isang salita.

semantics
semantics
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

semantika

semantika

Ex: In linguistics, semantics is the study of meaning in language, focusing on how words, phrases, and sentences convey meaning. 

Sa lingguwistika, ang semantika ay ang pag-aaral ng kahulugan sa wika, na nakatuon sa kung paano naghahatid ng kahulugan ang mga salita, parirala, at pangungusap.

syntax
syntax
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

sintaks, istruktura ng gramatika

sintaks, istruktura ng gramatika

Ex: In linguistics, syntax refers to the rules that govern the structure of sentences, determining how words are arranged to convey meaning. 

Sa lingguwistika, ang sintaks ay tumutukoy sa mga tuntunin na namamahala sa istruktura ng mga pangungusap, na tumutukoy kung paano inayos ang mga salita upang maghatid ng kahulugan.

mood
mood
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

panagano, moda

panagano, moda

Ex: The imperative mood is used for commands and requests. 
lexis
lexis
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

talasalitaan, bokabularyo

talasalitaan, bokabularyo

lexicon
lexicon
[Pangngalan]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

talasalitaan, bokabularyo

talasalitaan, bokabularyo

Ex: The lexicon of a language encompasses all the words and phrases that speakers use to communicate meaning. 

Ang leksikon ng isang wika ay sumasaklaw sa lahat ng mga salita at parirala na ginagamit ng mga nagsasalita upang makipag-usap ng kahulugan.

homophone
homophone
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homopono, salitang homopono

homopono, salitang homopono

Ex: The homophones "piece" and "peace" are frequently confused by new English learners. 

Ang mga homophone na "piece" at "peace" ay madalas na nalilito ng mga bagong mag-aaral ng Ingles.

homonym
homonym
[Pangngalan]

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonym, magkasingtunog

homonym, magkasingtunog

Ex: It's essential to consider context when deciphering the meaning of a homonym in a sentence. 

Mahalagang isaalang-alang ang konteksto kapag binibigyang-kahulugan ang kahulugan ng isang homonym sa isang pangungusap.

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