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Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Wika at Balarila

Dito matututo ka ng ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa wika at gramatika, tulad ng "etimolohiya", "kasarian", "pahiwatig", atbp. na kailangan para sa pagsusulit na TOEFL.

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[Pangngalan]

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

etimolohiya

etimolohiya

Ex: The etymology of " amplify " reveals its roots in Latin " amplus , " meaning large or spacious .Ang **etimolohiya** ng "amplify" ay nagpapakita ng mga ugat nito sa Latin na "amplus," na nangangahulugang malaki o maluwang.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

ponetika

ponetika

Ex: Phonetics plays a crucial role in language learning and teaching , helping learners to accurately pronounce and recognize the sounds of a foreign language .Ang **ponetika** ay may mahalagang papel sa pag-aaral at pagtuturo ng wika, na tumutulong sa mga mag-aaral na tumpak na bigkasin at kilalanin ang mga tunog ng isang banyagang wika.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

lingguwistika, agham ng wika

lingguwistika, agham ng wika

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

paglalapi, pagbabago ng pangngalan

paglalapi, pagbabago ng pangngalan

Ex: The Old English language had a complex system of declension, with different forms for nouns depending on case , number , and gender .Ang lumang wikang Ingles ay may isang kumplikadong sistema ng **declension**, na may iba't ibang anyo para sa mga pangngalan depende sa kaso, numero, at kasarian.

Isara

[Pandiwa]

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

i-conjugate

i-conjugate

Ex: The linguistics professor explained how different languages conjugate verbs differently based on their grammatical structures.Ipinaliwanag ng propesor ng lingguwistika kung paano iba-ibang wika ang **nagkakaroon** ng iba't ibang anyo ng pandiwa batay sa kanilang mga istruktura ng gramatika.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

kasarian

kasarian

Ex: In linguistics , gender is a grammatical category that plays a role in agreement between nouns , pronouns , adjectives , and articles within a sentence .Sa linggwistika, ang **kasarian** ay isang kategoryang gramatikal na gumaganap ng papel sa pagkakasundo ng mga pangngalan, panghalip, pang-uri, at artikulo sa loob ng isang pangungusap.

Isara

[pang-uri]

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

pandiwari, ng pandiwari

pandiwari, ng pandiwari

Ex: In English, the subjunctive mood is less common than in other languages but can still be found in expressions like 'God save the Queen' or 'Long live the king.Sa Ingles, ang **subjunctive mood** ay hindi gaanong karaniwan kaysa sa ibang mga wika ngunit maaari pa ring matagpuan sa mga ekspresyon tulad ng 'God save the Queen' o 'Long live the king'.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

panlapi

panlapi

Ex: The dictionary provided a list of prefixes and their meanings to help with word formation and understanding .Ang diksyunaryo ay nagbigay ng isang listahan ng mga **unlapi** at ang kanilang mga kahulugan upang makatulong sa pagbuo at pag-unawa ng mga salita.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

hulapi, suffix

hulapi, suffix

Ex: Students practiced adding different suffixes to root words to see how their meanings changed .Nagsanay ang mga estudyante sa pagdaragdag ng iba't ibang **suffix** sa mga root word upang makita kung paano nagbago ang kanilang mga kahulugan.

Isara

[pang-uri]

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

pang-uri, pang-uri

pang-uri, pang-uri

Ex: The word "bright" is an adjectival description of a color in the phrase "bright yellow."Ang salitang "bright" ay isang **pang-uri** na paglalarawan ng kulay sa pariralang "bright yellow".

Isara

[pang-uri]

connected with or functioning as an adverb

pang-abay, may kaugnayan sa pang-abay

pang-abay, may kaugnayan sa pang-abay

Isara

[Pangngalan]

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

jargon, espesyal na wika

jargon, espesyal na wika

Ex: Military jargon includes phrases like 'AWOL,' 'RECON,' and 'FOB,' which are part of the everyday language for service members but might be puzzling to civilians.Ang **jargon** militar ay kinabibilangan ng mga parirala tulad ng 'AWOL', 'RECON', at 'FOB', na bahagi ng pang-araw-araw na wika para sa mga miyembro ng serbisyo ngunit maaaring nakakalito sa mga sibilyan.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the use of words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

sarkasmo, uyam

sarkasmo, uyam

Ex: The comedian ’s sarcasm about everyday situations made his stand-up routine incredibly funny .Ang **sarcasm** ng komedyante tungkol sa mga pang-araw-araw na sitwasyon ay nagpatawa nang husto sa kanyang stand-up routine.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

pahiwatig, tukoy

pahiwatig, tukoy

Ex: The poet 's allusion to Icarus served as a cautionary tale about the dangers of overambition and hubris .Ang **pahiwatig** ng makata kay Icarus ay nagsilbing babala tungkol sa mga panganib ng labis na ambisyon at kayabangan.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

analohiya

analohiya

Ex: The analogy between a bird ’s wings and an airplane ’s wings helped students understand flight .Ang **analohiya** sa pagitan ng mga pakpak ng ibon at mga pakpak ng eroplano ay nakatulong sa mga estudyante na maunawaan ang paglipad.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

aliterasyon

aliterasyon

Ex: The advertising slogan 's alliteration made it memorable and catchy .Ang **aliterasyon** ng advertising slogan ay naging memorable at catchy.

Isara

[Pandiwa]

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

bigkasin nang malinaw, ipahayag nang malinaw

bigkasin nang malinaw, ipahayag nang malinaw

Ex: In the speech therapy session , he worked on how to articulate difficult sounds .Sa sesyon ng speech therapy, nagtrabaho siya kung paano **bigkasin** nang malinaw ang mahihirap na tunog.

Isara

[pang-uri]

conveying or expressing a positive reply

patunay, positibo

patunay, positibo

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eupemismo, malambing na pananalita

eupemismo, malambing na pananalita

Ex: In polite conversation , people might use the euphemism ' restroom ' or ' bathroom ' instead of ' toilet ' to refer to a place where one can relieve themselves .Sa magalang na pag-uusap, maaaring gamitin ng mga tao ang **euphemism** 'banyo' o 'palikuran' sa halip na 'toilet' upang tumukoy sa isang lugar kung saan maaaring magpahinga ang isang tao.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironya

ironya

Ex: Through irony, she pointed out the flaws in their logic without directly insulting them .Sa pamamagitan ng **ironya**, itinuro niya ang mga pagkakamali sa kanilang lohika nang hindi direktang ininsulto sila.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

paradox, lohikal na kontradiksyon

paradox, lohikal na kontradiksyon

Ex: The famous paradox of Schrödinger 's cat illustrates the complexity of quantum mechanics .Ang tanyag na **paradox** ng pusa ni Schrödinger ay naglalarawan ng pagiging kumplikado ng quantum mechanics.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

hayperbole, pagmamalabis

hayperbole, pagmamalabis

Ex: The politician 's speech was rife with hyperbole, promising to " solve all of society 's problems overnight " if elected .Ang talumpati ng politiko ay puno ng **hyperbole**, na nangangakong "lulutasin ang lahat ng problema ng lipunan sa isang gabi" kung siya ay mahahalal.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

paglalaro ng salita, pun

paglalaro ng salita, pun

Ex: The pun in the advertisement was so funny that it went viral on social media .Ang **paglalaro ng salita** sa patalastas ay napakatawa kaya naging viral ito sa social media.

Isara

[pang-uri]

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

retorikal, pangwika

retorikal, pangwika

Ex: The teacher taught her students how to craft rhetorical appeals to strengthen their persuasive essays .Itinuro ng guro sa kanyang mga estudyante kung paano gumawa ng mga **retorikal** na apela upang palakasin ang kanilang mga persuasive na sanaysay.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

satira, uyam

satira, uyam

Ex: Satire can be a powerful tool for social commentary and change.Ang **satire** ay maaaring maging isang malakas na kasangkapan para sa komentaryong panlipunan at pagbabago.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautolohiya, kalabisan

tautolohiya, kalabisan

Ex: Writers and speakers are often advised to avoid tautology to ensure their communication is clear and concise without unnecessary repetition .Ang mga manunulat at tagapagsalita ay madalas na pinapayuhan na iwasan ang **tautolohiya** upang matiyak na malinaw at maigsi ang kanilang komunikasyon nang walang hindi kinakailangang pag-uulit.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

idiolect, indibidwal na paraan ng pagsasalita

idiolect, indibidwal na paraan ng pagsasalita

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

asterisk, bituin

asterisk, bituin

Isara

[Pandiwa]

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

bantas

bantas

Ex: Learning how to punctuate complex sentences with colons and dashes can greatly improve your writing style and clarity .Ang pag-aaral kung paano **bantasin** ang mga kumplikadong pangungusap gamit ang colon at dash ay maaaring lubos na mapabuti ang iyong estilo sa pagsulat at kalinawan.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

ponema, yunit ng tunog

ponema, yunit ng tunog

Ex: The study of phonemes and their distribution helps linguists analyze speech sounds and patterns across languages .Ang pag-aaral ng **ponema** at kanilang distribusyon ay tumutulong sa mga lingguwista na suriin ang mga tunog at pattern ng pagsasalita sa iba't ibang wika.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

semantika

semantika

Ex: Differences in semantics can lead to misunderstandings , especially when translating between languages with distinct cultural contexts .Ang mga pagkakaiba sa **semantika** ay maaaring humantong sa hindi pagkakaunawaan, lalo na kapag nagsasalin sa pagitan ng mga wika na may magkakaibang konteksto ng kultura.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

sintaks, istruktura ng gramatika

sintaks, istruktura ng gramatika

Ex: Syntax analysis helps in identifying how sentence elements like nouns , verbs , and adjectives interact within a given linguistic framework .

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

panagano, moda

panagano, moda

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

talasalitaan, bokabularyo

talasalitaan, bokabularyo

Isara

[Pangngalan]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

talasalitaan, bokabularyo

talasalitaan, bokabularyo

Ex: Building a diverse lexicon through reading and exposure to different contexts enriches one 's language skills and communication abilities .Ang pagbuo ng isang magkakaibang **leksikon** sa pamamagitan ng pagbabasa at pagkalantad sa iba't ibang konteksto ay nagpapayaman sa mga kasanayan sa wika at kakayahan sa komunikasyon ng isang tao.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homopono, salitang homopono

homopono, salitang homopono

Ex: English learners often find homophones tricky because they sound the same but are spelled differently .Madalas na mahirapan ang mga nag-aaral ng Ingles sa **homophones** dahil pareho ang tunog ngunit iba ang spelling.

Isara

[Pangngalan]

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonym, magkasingtunog

homonym, magkasingtunog

Ex: " Match " is a homonym— it can mean a competition or a stick used to start a fire .Ang **homonym** ay isang salita na maaaring mangahulugang isang kompetisyon o isang patpat na ginagamit upang magsimula ng apoy.

Isara

Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL

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