Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Wika at Gramatika

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

etimolohiya

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

ponetika

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

lingguwistika

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

deklyasyon, gramatikal na deklyasyon

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

konjugahin, pagbabalik ng pandiwa

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

kasarian, gramatikal na kasarian

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

subjuntibo, maluho

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

panlapi

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

suffiks, pang-uli

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

pang-uri, pampadugo

connected with or functioning as an adverb

pang-abay, pang-abay na may

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

jargon, tagapagsalita

the use of words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

sarkasmo

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

allusyon, tukoy

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

analohiya, paghahambing

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

alitera

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

ipahayag, bigkasin

conveying or expressing a positive reply

positibo, nagkukumpirma

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eupemismo

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironi

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

paradoha

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

hyperbole, sobrang exaggeration

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

larong salita, kalambur

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

rhetorikal, pangatwiran

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

sátira, sátirang

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautolohiya

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

idiolekto, idiolekto (linggwistika)

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

asterisk

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

ilagak ang bantas, lagyan ng bantas

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

ponema

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

semantika

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

sintaks, istruktura ng mga pangungusap

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

modo, mood

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

leksis, bokabularyo

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

lexicon, bokabularyo

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homonim

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonim