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Vocabulário Avançado para o TOEFL - Linguagem e Gramática
Aqui você aprenderá algumas palavras em inglês sobre idioma e gramática, como "etimologia", "gênero", "alusão" etc., que são necessárias para o exame TOEFL.
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the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings
etimologia
the science and study of speech sounds and their production
fonética
the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages
linguística
(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender
declinação
(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.
conjugar
(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter
gênero
(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt
subjuntivo
(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word
prefixo
(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word
sufixo
words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others
jargão
the practice of uttering words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect
sarcástico
a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device
alusão
a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them
analogia
the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device
aliteração
a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite
eufemismo
a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect
ironia
a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true
paradoxo
a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something
hipérbole
a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has
jogo de palavras
connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way
retórico
humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.
sátira
the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase
tautologia
(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life
idioleto
the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission
asterisco
to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable
pontuar
the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation
fonema
(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth
semântica
(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language
sintaxe
(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way
modo
(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words
léxis
the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses
léxico
(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin
homófono
each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin
homônimo
