المفردات المتقدمة للاختبار TOEFL - اللغة والقواعد

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

أصل الكلمة

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

علم الأصوات

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

علم اللغة

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

الإعراب

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

يُصرّف

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

جنس

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

الشرطية

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

بادئة

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

لاحقة

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

نسبية صفة

connected with or functioning as an adverb

ظرفي

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

مصطلحات

the practice of uttering words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

سخرية

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

تلميح

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

تشبيه

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

تكرار الحروف

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

نطق

conveying or expressing a positive reply

إيجابي

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

تعبير ملطف

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

سخرية

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

مفارقة

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

مبالغة

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

لعبة الكلمات

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

بلاغي

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

هجاء

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

إفراط

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

الخصوصية اللغوية

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

نجم

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

ترقيم

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

فونيم

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

الدلالات

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

نحو

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

أسلوب

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

ليسيس

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

معجم

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

هوموفون

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

مثنَى