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Προηγμένο λεξιλόγιο για TOEFL - Γλώσσα και Γραμματική

Εδώ θα μάθετε μερικές αγγλικές λέξεις για τη γλώσσα και τη γραμματική, όπως «ετυμολογία», «γένος», «υπαινιγμός» κ.λπ. που χρειάζονται για τις εξετάσεις TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
etymology

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

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phonetics

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

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linguistics

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

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declension

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

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to conjugate

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

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gender

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

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subjunctive

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

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prefix

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

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suffix

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

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adjectival

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

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adverbial

connected with or functioning as an adverb

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jargon

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

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sarcasm

the practice of uttering words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

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allusion

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

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analogy

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

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alliteration

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

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to articulate

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

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affirmative

conveying or expressing a positive reply

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euphemism

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

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irony

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

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paradox

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

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hyperbole

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

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pun

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

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rhetorical

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

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satire

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

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tautology

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

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idiolect

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

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asterisk

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

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to punctuate

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

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phoneme

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

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semantics

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

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syntax

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

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mood

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

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lexis

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

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lexicon

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

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homophone

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

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homonym

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

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