Zaawansowane Słownictwo do TOEFL - Język i gramatyka

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

etymologia

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

fonetyka

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

lingwistyka

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

deklinacja, gramatyczna deklinacja

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

konjugować, odmieniać

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

rod, rod gramatyczny

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

subjunktywny, tryb łącznie

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

przedrostek

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

sufiks, końcówka

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

przymiotnikowy, przymiotnikowy

connected with or functioning as an adverb

przysłówkowy, adverbialny

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

żargon, terminologia

the use of words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

sarkazm

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

aluzja, nawiązanie

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

analogia, porównanie

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

aliteracja

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

artykułować, wyrażać

conveying or expressing a positive reply

afirmatywny, potwierdzający

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eufemizm

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironia

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

paradoks

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

hiperbola, przesada

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

gra słów, kalambur

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

retoryczny, rhetoryczny

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

satyra, satyry

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautologia

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

idiolekt, idiolekt (lingwistyka)

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

gwiazdka

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

pisać z użyciem znaków interpunkcyjnych, interpunkcja

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

fonem

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

semantyka

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

składnia, struktura zdań

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

tryb, nastrój

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

leksis, słownictwo

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

leksem, słownik

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homofon

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonim