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Avancerat Ordförråd för TOEFL - Språk och Grammatik

Här kommer du att lära dig några engelska ord om språk och grammatik, såsom "etymologi", "genus", "anspelning" etc. som behövs för TOEFL-provet.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
etymology
[Substantiv]

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

etymologi

etymologi

Ex: The etymology of " amplify " reveals its roots in Latin " amplus , " meaning large or spacious .**Etymologin** för "amplify" avslöjar dess rötter i det latinska "amplus", vilket betyder stor eller rymlig.
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phonetics
[Substantiv]

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

fonetik

fonetik

Ex: Phonetics plays a crucial role in language learning and teaching , helping learners to accurately pronounce and recognize the sounds of a foreign language .**Fonetik** spelar en avgörande roll i språkinlärning och undervisning, genom att hjälpa elever att korrekt uttala och känna igen ljuden i ett främmande språk.
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linguistics
[Substantiv]

the study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages

lingvistik, språkvetenskap

lingvistik, språkvetenskap

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declension
[Substantiv]

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

deklination, nominalböjning

deklination, nominalböjning

Ex: The Old English language had a complex system of declension, with different forms for nouns depending on case , number , and gender .Fornengelska språket hade ett komplext system av **deklinering**, med olika former för substantiv beroende på fall, numerus och genus.
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(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

böja

böja

Ex: The linguistics professor explained how different languages conjugate verbs differently based on their grammatical structures.Lingvistikprofessorn förklarade hur olika språk **böjer** verb olika beroende på deras grammatiska strukturer.
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gender
[Substantiv]

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

genus

genus

Ex: In linguistics , gender is a grammatical category that plays a role in agreement between nouns , pronouns , adjectives , and articles within a sentence .Inom lingvistik är **genus** en grammatisk kategori som spelar en roll i överensstämmelsen mellan substantiv, pronomen, adjektiv och artiklar inom en mening.
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subjunctive
[adjektiv]

(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt

konjunktiv, konjunktivisk

konjunktiv, konjunktivisk

Ex: In English, the subjunctive mood is less common than in other languages but can still be found in expressions like 'God save the Queen' or 'Long live the king.På engelska är **konjunktiv** mindre vanligt än i andra språk men kan fortfarande hittas i uttryck som 'Gud bevare drottningen' eller 'Länge leve kungen'.
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prefix
[Substantiv]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

prefix

prefix

Ex: The dictionary provided a list of prefixes and their meanings to help with word formation and understanding .Ordboken gav en lista över **prefix** och deras betydelser för att hjälpa till med ordbildning och förståelse.
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suffix
[Substantiv]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

suffix, ändelse

suffix, ändelse

Ex: Students practiced adding different suffixes to root words to see how their meanings changed .Eleverna övade på att lägga till olika **suffix** till rotord för att se hur deras betydelser förändrades.
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adjectival
[adjektiv]

(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective

adjektivisk, adjektiv

adjektivisk, adjektiv

Ex: The word "bright" is an adjectival description of a color in the phrase "bright yellow."Ordet "bright" är en **adjektivisk** beskrivning av en färg i frasen "bright yellow".
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adverbial
[adjektiv]

connected with or functioning as an adverb

adverbial, relaterad till adverb

adverbial, relaterad till adverb

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jargon
[Substantiv]

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

jargong, fackspråk

jargong, fackspråk

Ex: Military jargon includes phrases like 'AWOL,' 'RECON,' and 'FOB,' which are part of the everyday language for service members but might be puzzling to civilians.Militär **jargon** inkluderar fraser som 'AWOL', 'RECON' och 'FOB', som är en del av det vardagliga språket för tjänstemän men kan vara förvirrande för civilpersoner.
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sarcasm
[Substantiv]

the use of words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect

sarkasm, ironi

sarkasm, ironi

Ex: The comedian ’s sarcasm about everyday situations made his stand-up routine incredibly funny .Komikerns **sarkasm** om vardagliga situationer gjorde hans stand-up-rutin otroligt rolig.
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allusion
[Substantiv]

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

anspelning, hänvisning

anspelning, hänvisning

Ex: The poet 's allusion to Icarus served as a cautionary tale about the dangers of overambition and hubris .Poetens **anspelning** på Ikarus fungerade som en varning om farorna med överdriven ambition och hybris.
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analogy
[Substantiv]

a comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them

analogi

analogi

Ex: The analogy between a bird ’s wings and an airplane ’s wings helped students understand flight .**Analogin** mellan en fågels vingar och en flygplans vingar hjälpte eleverna att förstå flygning.
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alliteration
[Substantiv]

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

allitteration

allitteration

Ex: The advertising slogan 's alliteration made it memorable and catchy .Reklamslogans **allitteration** gjorde den minnesvärd och catchy.
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to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

artikulera, uttala tydligt

artikulera, uttala tydligt

Ex: In the speech therapy session , he worked on how to articulate difficult sounds .Under logopedisessionen arbetade han med hur man **artikulerar** svåra ljud.
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affirmative
[adjektiv]

conveying or expressing a positive reply

jakande, positiv

jakande, positiv

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euphemism
[Substantiv]

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eufemism, förskönande uttryck

eufemism, förskönande uttryck

Ex: In polite conversation , people might use the euphemism ' restroom ' or ' bathroom ' instead of ' toilet ' to refer to a place where one can relieve themselves .I artigt samtal kan människor använda **eufemismen** 'toalett' eller 'badrum' istället för 'toalett' för att hänvisa till en plats där man kan lättna sig.
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irony
[Substantiv]

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironi

ironi

Ex: Through irony, she pointed out the flaws in their logic without directly insulting them .Genom **ironi** påpekade hon bristerna i deras logik utan att direkt förolämpa dem.
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paradox
[Substantiv]

a logically contradictory statement that might actually be true

paradox, logisk motsägelse

paradox, logisk motsägelse

Ex: The famous paradox of Schrödinger 's cat illustrates the complexity of quantum mechanics .Den berömda **paradoxen** om Schrödingers katt illustrerar kvantmekanikens komplexitet.
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hyperbole
[Substantiv]

a technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something

hyperbol, överdrift

hyperbol, överdrift

Ex: The politician 's speech was rife with hyperbole, promising to " solve all of society 's problems overnight " if elected .Politikerns tal var fullt av **hyperbol**, där han lovade att "lösa alla samhällsproblem över en natt" om han valdes.
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pun
[Substantiv]

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

ordlek, vits

ordlek, vits

Ex: The pun in the advertisement was so funny that it went viral on social media .**Ordvitsen** i reklamen var så rolig att den blev viral på sociala medier.
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rhetorical
[adjektiv]

connected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way

retorisk, oratorisk

retorisk, oratorisk

Ex: The teacher taught her students how to craft rhetorical appeals to strengthen their persuasive essays .Läraren lärde sina elever hur man skapar **retoriska** appeller för att stärka deras övertygande uppsatser.
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satire
[Substantiv]

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

satir, ironi

satir, ironi

Ex: Satire can be a powerful tool for social commentary and change.**Satir** kan vara ett kraftfullt verktyg för social kommentar och förändring.
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tautology
[Substantiv]

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautologi, redundans

tautologi, redundans

Ex: Writers and speakers are often advised to avoid tautology to ensure their communication is clear and concise without unnecessary repetition .Författare och talare råds ofta att undvika **tautologi** för att säkerställa att deras kommunikation är tydlig och koncis utan onödiga upprepningar.
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idiolect
[Substantiv]

(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life

idiolekt, individuellt talmönster

idiolekt, individuellt talmönster

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asterisk
[Substantiv]

the symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission

asterisk, liten stjärna

asterisk, liten stjärna

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to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

interpunktion

interpunktion

Ex: Learning how to punctuate complex sentences with colons and dashes can greatly improve your writing style and clarity .Att lära sig hur man **punktuerar** komplexa meningar med kolon och tankstreck kan avsevärt förbättra din skrivstil och tydlighet.
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phoneme
[Substantiv]

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

fonem, ljudenhet

fonem, ljudenhet

Ex: The study of phonemes and their distribution helps linguists analyze speech sounds and patterns across languages .Studiet av **fonem** och deras distribution hjälper lingvister att analysera talspråksljud och mönster i olika språk.
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semantics
[Substantiv]

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth

semantik

semantik

Ex: Differences in semantics can lead to misunderstandings , especially when translating between languages with distinct cultural contexts .Skillnader i **semantik** kan leda till missförstånd, särskilt vid översättning mellan språk med olika kulturella sammanhang.
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syntax
[Substantiv]

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

syntax, grammatisk struktur

syntax, grammatisk struktur

Ex: Syntax analysis helps in identifying how sentence elements like nouns , verbs , and adjectives interact within a given linguistic framework .
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mood
[Substantiv]

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

modus, sätt

modus, sätt

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lexis
[Substantiv]

(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words

lexikon, ordförråd

lexikon, ordförråd

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lexicon
[Substantiv]

the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses

lexikon, ordförråd

lexikon, ordförråd

Ex: Building a diverse lexicon through reading and exposure to different contexts enriches one 's language skills and communication abilities .Att bygga ett diversifierat **lexikon** genom läsning och exponering för olika sammanhang berikar ens språkfärdigheter och kommunikationsförmåga.
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homophone
[Substantiv]

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homofon, homofont ord

homofon, homofont ord

Ex: English learners often find homophones tricky because they sound the same but are spelled differently .Engelska elever tycker ofta att **homofoner** är knepiga eftersom de låter lika men stavas olika.
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homonym
[Substantiv]

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonym, homofon

homonym, homofon

Ex: " Match " is a homonym— it can mean a competition or a stick used to start a fire .**Homonym** är ett ord som kan betyda en tävling eller en pinne som används för att starta en eld.
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