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Zaawansowane Słownictwo do TOEFL - Society

Tutaj nauczysz się niektórych angielskich słów o społeczeństwie, takich jak "szlachetność", "obywatelski", "etniczny" itp., które są potrzebne do egzaminu TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
sociology
sociology
[Rzeczownik]

the scientific study of human society, its nature, structure, and development, as well as social behavior

socjologia, naukowe badanie społeczeństwa ludzkiego

socjologia, naukowe badanie społeczeństwa ludzkiego

Ex: She decided to study sociology because she was interested in how culture influences people's behaviors. 
anthropology
anthropology
[Rzeczownik]

the study of the origins and developments of the human race and its societies and cultures

antropologia

antropologia

Ex: Sarah decided to major in anthropology to study the diverse cultures and societies around the world. 
stratum
stratum
[Rzeczownik]

a group of people with similar social standing, education, or income

warstwa, strata

warstwa, strata

Ex: The study focused on the middle-income stratum of society. 
upper class
upper class
[Rzeczownik]

a social group made up of people who hold the highest social position and are usually quite wealthy

klasa wyższa, wyższe sfery

klasa wyższa, wyższe sfery

Ex: The upper class often owns large estates and businesses. 
middle class
middle class
[Rzeczownik]

the social class between the upper and lower classes that includes professional and business people

klasa średnia, burżuazja

klasa średnia, burżuazja

Ex: Many middle-class families own their homes. 
lower class
lower class
[Rzeczownik]

the social class consisting of people with the lowest position in society and the least money

klasa niższa, niższa klasa

klasa niższa, niższa klasa

Ex: Many families in the lower class face financial difficulties. 
old money
old money
[Rzeczownik]

wealth that has been inherited and not earned

stare pieniądze, odziedziczone pieniądze

stare pieniądze, odziedziczone pieniądze

nobility
nobility
[Rzeczownik]

the class of people with the highest social or political ranks and titles

szlachta, arystokracja

szlachta, arystokracja

Ex: The king granted lands and titles to the nobility in recognition of their loyalty. 
bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
[Rzeczownik]

the society's middle class

burżuazja

burżuazja

Ex: The bourgeoisie in the 19th century played a significant role in shaping economic and social structures. 
caste
caste
[Rzeczownik]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

kasta, system kastowy

kasta, system kastowy

Ex: The caste system in India historically divided society into hierarchical groups based on birth, occupation, and social status. 
supremacist
supremacist
[Rzeczownik]

someone who believes that a particular group of people, especially one determined by sex, religion, or race, is better than other groups and should dominate them

suprematysta, zwolennik supremacji

suprematysta, zwolennik supremacji

Ex: Authorities arrested a supremacist who was spreading hate speech online. 
overlord
overlord
[Rzeczownik]

someone who is in a position of power, especially in the past

zwierzchnik, władca

zwierzchnik, władca

Ex: The medieval lord acted as an overlord over the neighboring villages. 
subordinate
subordinate
[Rzeczownik]

an employee who is under the authority or control of another person

podwładny, pracownik podwładny

podwładny, pracownik podwładny

Ex: The manager delegated tasks to his subordinates. 
multiculturalism
multiculturalism
[Rzeczownik]

the belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected

wielokulturowość

wielokulturowość

Ex: Multiculturalism celebrates the richness of cultural diversity and recognizes the contributions of different ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups to society. 
civic
civic
[przymiotnik]

relating to the activities or duties of individuals concerning their town, city, or local area

obywatelski, miejski

obywatelski, miejski

Ex: Civic engagement involves actively participating in community activities or political affairs to promote social justice and change. 
demographic
demographic
[Rzeczownik]

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

demograficzny, cechy demograficzne

demograficzny, cechy demograficzne

Ex: The new marketing strategy aims to target a younger demographic. 
social contract
social contract
[Rzeczownik]

an implicit agreement among citizens about collaboration in a way that benefits everyone in the society

umowa społeczna, kontrakt społeczny

umowa społeczna, kontrakt społeczny

collective
collective
[przymiotnik]

involving, done, or shared by all members of a group

zbiorowy, wspólny

zbiorowy, wspólny

Ex: The collective efforts of the volunteers resulted in a successful charity event. 
microaggression
microaggression
[Rzeczownik]

any remark, comment, act, or statement that consciously or unconsciously expresses prejudice or discrimination against a group or member of society

mikroagresja, mikro-agresja

mikroagresja, mikro-agresja

ethnic
ethnic
[przymiotnik]

relating to a group of people with shared culture, tradition, history, language, etc.

etniczny

etniczny

Ex: The neighborhood celebrates its diverse ethnic heritage with cultural festivals and events. 
Caucasian
Caucasian
[przymiotnik]

referring to people with light or white skin, typically of European origin

kaukaski,  biały

kaukaski, biały

Ex: The study included participants of various Caucasian backgrounds to ensure diversity. 
gender binary
gender binary
[Rzeczownik]

a method of gender classification that categorizes all people into either male or female

binarność płciowa, binarny system płci

binarność płciowa, binarny system płci

masculinity
masculinity
[Rzeczownik]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for men

męskość

męskość

femininity
femininity
[Rzeczownik]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for women

kobiecość, cechy kobiece

kobiecość, cechy kobiece

gender identity
gender identity
[Rzeczownik]

a person's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender

tożsamość płciowa, tożsamość seksualna

tożsamość płciowa, tożsamość seksualna

Ex: She is confident in her gender identity. 
homosexual
homosexual
[przymiotnik]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same gender

homoseksualny

homoseksualny

Ex: The homosexual couple held hands as they walked through the park, openly expressing their love for each other. 
heterosexual
heterosexual
[przymiotnik]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the opposite gender

heteroseksualny, hetero

heteroseksualny, hetero

Ex: She identified as heterosexual and was attracted to men. 
bisexual
bisexual
[przymiotnik]

(of a person) having a sexual attraction to people of both their own gender and other genders

biseksualny

biseksualny

Ex: Sarah's friend proudly identifies as bisexual, finding beauty in a diverse range of genders. 
non-binary
non-binary
[przymiotnik]

related to someone whose gender identity does not fit in the traditional binary categories of male or female

niebinarny

niebinarny

Ex: The non-binary person prefers to use they/them pronouns and does not conform to traditional gender norms. 
asexual
asexual
[przymiotnik]

(of a person) having no sexual interests or not experiencing any sexual attraction

aseksualny

aseksualny

Ex: The asexual person values emotional connections and platonic relationships over romantic or sexual ones. 
cisgender
cisgender
[przymiotnik]

related to or describing a person whose sense of gender matches their biological sex

cisgender, osoba cisgender

cisgender, osoba cisgender

Ex: She is cisgender, identifying as the female she was assigned at birth. 
transvestite
transvestite
[Rzeczownik]

someone who enjoys wearing clothes that are usually worn by the opposite sex

transwestyta, osoba lubiąca nosić ubrania zwykle noszone przez przeciwną płeć

transwestyta, osoba lubiąca nosić ubrania zwykle noszone przez przeciwną płeć

transgender
transgender
[przymiotnik]

describing or relating to someone whose gender identity does not correspond with their birth sex

transgender, transseksualny

transgender, transseksualny

Ex: The transgender woman bravely shared her journey of self-discovery and transition with her friends and family. 
transsexual
transsexual
[przymiotnik]

describing or relating to a transgender person, especially one whose bodily traits have been modified through a surgical operation or hormone therapy to align them with their gender identity

transseksualny, transgenderyczny

transseksualny, transgenderyczny

gender-fluid
gender-fluid
[przymiotnik]

relating to someone whose gender identity is unstable and can change over time

gender-fluid, płynny pod względem płci

gender-fluid, płynny pod względem płci

peer
peer
[Rzeczownik]

a person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual

rówieśnik, równy

rówieśnik, równy

Ex: In high school, he struggled to find peers who shared his passion for classical literature. 
LGBTQ
LGBTQ
[przymiotnik]

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning

LGBTQ, lesbijki

LGBTQ, lesbijki

Ex: The LGBTQ community advocates for the rights and acceptance of individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning. 
intersex
intersex
[Rzeczownik]

the state of having the sex organs or other sexual features of both genders

interpłciowość, hermafrodytyzm

interpłciowość, hermafrodytyzm

pansexual
pansexual
[przymiotnik]

related to a person who is sexually and emotionally attracted to people regardless of their gender or sex

panseksualny, panseksualna

panseksualny, panseksualna

Ex: The pansexual person is attracted to individuals based on personal connection rather than gender. 
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