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Advanced Vocabulary for TOEFL - Society

Here you will learn some English words about society, such as "nobility", "civic", "ethnic", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
sociology
sociology
[noun]

the scientific study of human society, its nature, structure, and development, as well as social behavior

Ex: She decided to study sociology because she was interested in how culture influences people's behaviors. 
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anthropology

the study of the origins and developments of the human race and its societies and cultures

Ex: Sarah decided to major in anthropology to study the diverse cultures and societies around the world. 
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stratum
stratum
[noun]

a group of people with similar social standing, education, or income

Ex: The study focused on the middle-income stratum of society. 
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upper class

a social group made up of people who hold the highest social position and are usually quite wealthy

Ex: The upper class often owns large estates and businesses. 
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middle class

the social class between the upper and lower classes that includes professional and business people

Ex: Many middle-class families own their homes. 
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lower class

the social class consisting of people with the lowest position in society and the least money

Ex: Many families in the lower class face financial difficulties. 
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old money
old money
[noun]

wealth that has been inherited and not earned

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nobility
nobility
[noun]

the class of people with the highest social or political ranks and titles

Ex: The king granted lands and titles to the nobility in recognition of their loyalty. 
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bourgeoisie

the society's middle class

Ex: The bourgeoisie in the 19th century played a significant role in shaping economic and social structures. 
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caste
caste
[noun]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

Ex: The caste system in India historically divided society into hierarchical groups based on birth, occupation, and social status. 
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supremacist

someone who believes that a particular group of people, especially one determined by sex, religion, or race, is better than other groups and should dominate them

Ex: Authorities arrested a supremacist who was spreading hate speech online. 
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overlord
overlord
[noun]

someone who is in a position of power, especially in the past

Ex: The medieval lord acted as an overlord over the neighboring villages. 
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subordinate

an employee who is under the authority or control of another person

Ex: The manager delegated tasks to his subordinates. 
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multiculturalism

the belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected

Ex: Multiculturalism celebrates the richness of cultural diversity and recognizes the contributions of different ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups to society. 
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civic
civic
[Adjective]

relating to the activities or duties of individuals concerning their town, city, or local area

Ex: Civic engagement involves actively participating in community activities or political affairs to promote social justice and change. 
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demographic

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

Ex: The new marketing strategy aims to target a younger demographic. 
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social contract

an implicit agreement among citizens about collaboration in a way that benefits everyone in the society

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collective
collective
[Adjective]

involving, done, or shared by all members of a group

Ex: The collective efforts of the volunteers resulted in a successful charity event. 
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microaggression

any remark, comment, act, or statement that consciously or unconsciously expresses prejudice or discrimination against a group or member of society

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ethnic
ethnic
[Adjective]

relating to a group of people with shared culture, tradition, history, language, etc.

Ex: The neighborhood celebrates its diverse ethnic heritage with cultural festivals and events. 
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Caucasian
Caucasian
[Adjective]

referring to people with light or white skin, typically of European origin

Ex: The study included participants of various Caucasian backgrounds to ensure diversity. 
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gender binary

a method of gender classification that categorizes all people into either male or female

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masculinity

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for men

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femininity

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for women

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gender identity

a person's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender

Ex: She is confident in her gender identity. 
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homosexual
homosexual
[Adjective]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same gender

Ex: The homosexual couple held hands as they walked through the park, openly expressing their love for each other. 
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heterosexual
heterosexual
[Adjective]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the opposite gender

Ex: She identified as heterosexual and was attracted to men. 
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bisexual
bisexual
[Adjective]

(of a person) having a sexual attraction to people of both their own gender and other genders

Ex: Sarah's friend proudly identifies as bisexual, finding beauty in a diverse range of genders. 
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non-binary
non-binary
[Adjective]

related to someone whose gender identity does not fit in the traditional binary categories of male or female

Ex: The non-binary person prefers to use they/them pronouns and does not conform to traditional gender norms. 
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asexual
asexual
[Adjective]

(of a person) having no sexual interests or not experiencing any sexual attraction

Ex: The asexual person values emotional connections and platonic relationships over romantic or sexual ones. 
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cisgender
cisgender
[Adjective]

related to or describing a person whose sense of gender matches their biological sex

Ex: She is cisgender, identifying as the female she was assigned at birth. 
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transvestite

someone who enjoys wearing clothes that are usually worn by the opposite sex

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transgender
transgender
[Adjective]

describing or relating to someone whose gender identity does not correspond with their birth sex

Ex: The transgender woman bravely shared her journey of self-discovery and transition with her friends and family. 
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transsexual
transsexual
[Adjective]

describing or relating to a transgender person, especially one whose bodily traits have been modified through a surgical operation or hormone therapy to align them with their gender identity

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gender-fluid
gender-fluid
[Adjective]

relating to someone whose gender identity is unstable and can change over time

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peer
peer
[noun]

a person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual

Ex: In high school, he struggled to find peers who shared his passion for classical literature. 
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LGBTQ
LGBTQ
[Adjective]

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning

Ex: The LGBTQ community advocates for the rights and acceptance of individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning. 
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intersex
intersex
[noun]

the state of having the sex organs or other sexual features of both genders

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pansexual
pansexual
[Adjective]

related to a person who is sexually and emotionally attracted to people regardless of their gender or sex

Ex: The pansexual person is attracted to individuals based on personal connection rather than gender. 
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