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Vocabular Avansat pentru TOEFL - Society

Aici vei învăța câteva cuvinte în engleză despre societate, cum ar fi "nobilime", "civic", "etnic" etc., necesare pentru examenul TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
sociology
sociology
[substantiv]

the scientific study of human society, its nature, structure, and development, as well as social behavior

sociologie, studiul științific al societății umane

sociologie, studiul științific al societății umane

Ex: She decided to study sociology because she was interested in how culture influences people's behaviors. 
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anthropology
anthropology
[substantiv]

the study of the origins and developments of the human race and its societies and cultures

antropologie

antropologie

Ex: Sarah decided to major in anthropology to study the diverse cultures and societies around the world. 
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stratum
stratum
[substantiv]

a group of people with similar social standing, education, or income

strat, nivel

strat, nivel

Ex: The study focused on the middle-income stratum of society. 
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upper class
upper class
[substantiv]

a social group made up of people who hold the highest social position and are usually quite wealthy

clasa superioară, înalta societate

clasa superioară, înalta societate

Ex: The upper class often owns large estates and businesses. 
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middle class
middle class
[substantiv]

the social class between the upper and lower classes that includes professional and business people

clasa de mijloc, burghezie

clasa de mijloc, burghezie

Ex: Many middle-class families own their homes. 
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lower class
lower class
[substantiv]

the social class consisting of people with the lowest position in society and the least money

clasa inferioară, clasa de jos

clasa inferioară, clasa de jos

Ex: Many families in the lower class face financial difficulties. 
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old money
old money
[substantiv]

wealth that has been inherited and not earned

bani vechi, bani mosteniti

bani vechi, bani mosteniti

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nobility
nobility
[substantiv]

the class of people with the highest social or political ranks and titles

nobilime, aristocrație

nobilime, aristocrație

Ex: The king granted lands and titles to the nobility in recognition of their loyalty. 
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bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
[substantiv]

the society's middle class

burghezie

burghezie

Ex: The bourgeoisie in the 19th century played a significant role in shaping economic and social structures. 
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caste
caste
[substantiv]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

castă, sistem de caste

castă, sistem de caste

Ex: The caste system in India historically divided society into hierarchical groups based on birth, occupation, and social status. 
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supremacist
supremacist
[substantiv]

someone who believes that a particular group of people, especially one determined by sex, religion, or race, is better than other groups and should dominate them

suprematist, supremacist

suprematist, supremacist

Ex: Authorities arrested a supremacist who was spreading hate speech online. 
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overlord
overlord
[substantiv]

someone who is in a position of power, especially in the past

stăpân suprem, suveran

stăpân suprem, suveran

Ex: The medieval lord acted as an overlord over the neighboring villages. 
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subordinate
subordinate
[substantiv]

an employee who is under the authority or control of another person

subordonat, angajat subordonat

subordonat, angajat subordonat

Ex: The manager delegated tasks to his subordinates. 
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multiculturalism
multiculturalism
[substantiv]

the belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected

multiculturalism

multiculturalism

Ex: Multiculturalism celebrates the richness of cultural diversity and recognizes the contributions of different ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups to society. 
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civic
civic
[adjectiv]

relating to the activities or duties of individuals concerning their town, city, or local area

civic, municipal

civic, municipal

Ex: Civic engagement involves actively participating in community activities or political affairs to promote social justice and change. 
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demographic
demographic
[substantiv]

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

demografic, caracteristici demografice

demografic, caracteristici demografice

Ex: The new marketing strategy aims to target a younger demographic. 
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social contract
social contract
[substantiv]

an implicit agreement among citizens about collaboration in a way that benefits everyone in the society

contract social, pact social

contract social, pact social

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collective
collective
[adjectiv]

involving, done, or shared by all members of a group

colectiv, comunitar

colectiv, comunitar

Ex: The collective efforts of the volunteers resulted in a successful charity event. 
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microaggression
microaggression
[substantiv]

any remark, comment, act, or statement that consciously or unconsciously expresses prejudice or discrimination against a group or member of society

microagresiune, micro-agresiune

microagresiune, micro-agresiune

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ethnic
ethnic
[adjectiv]

relating to a group of people with shared culture, tradition, history, language, etc.

etnic

etnic

Ex: The neighborhood celebrates its diverse ethnic heritage with cultural festivals and events. 
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Caucasian
Caucasian
[adjectiv]

referring to people with light or white skin, typically of European origin

caucazian,  alb

caucazian, alb

Ex: The study included participants of various Caucasian backgrounds to ensure diversity. 
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gender binary
gender binary
[substantiv]

a method of gender classification that categorizes all people into either male or female

binar de gen, sistem binar de gen

binar de gen, sistem binar de gen

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masculinity
masculinity
[substantiv]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for men

masculinitate

masculinitate

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femininity
femininity
[substantiv]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for women

feminilitate, calități feminine

feminilitate, calități feminine

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gender identity
gender identity
[substantiv]

a person's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender

identitatea de gen, identitatea sexuală

identitatea de gen, identitatea sexuală

Ex: She is confident in her gender identity. 
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homosexual
homosexual
[adjectiv]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same gender

homosexual

homosexual

Ex: The homosexual couple held hands as they walked through the park, openly expressing their love for each other. 
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heterosexual
heterosexual
[adjectiv]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the opposite gender

heterosexual, hetero

heterosexual, hetero

Ex: She identified as heterosexual and was attracted to men. 
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bisexual
bisexual
[adjectiv]

(of a person) having a sexual attraction to people of both their own gender and other genders

bisexual

bisexual

Ex: Sarah's friend proudly identifies as bisexual, finding beauty in a diverse range of genders. 
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non-binary
non-binary
[adjectiv]

related to someone whose gender identity does not fit in the traditional binary categories of male or female

non-binar

non-binar

Ex: The non-binary person prefers to use they/them pronouns and does not conform to traditional gender norms. 
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asexual
asexual
[adjectiv]

(of a person) having no sexual interests or not experiencing any sexual attraction

asexual

asexual

Ex: The asexual person values emotional connections and platonic relationships over romantic or sexual ones. 
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cisgender
cisgender
[adjectiv]

related to or describing a person whose sense of gender matches their biological sex

cisgender, cisgen

cisgender, cisgen

Ex: She is cisgender, identifying as the female she was assigned at birth. 
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transvestite
transvestite
[substantiv]

someone who enjoys wearing clothes that are usually worn by the opposite sex

transvestit, persoană căreia îi place să poarte hainele sexului opus

transvestit, persoană căreia îi place să poarte hainele sexului opus

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transgender
transgender
[adjectiv]

describing or relating to someone whose gender identity does not correspond with their birth sex

transgender, transsexual

transgender, transsexual

Ex: The transgender woman bravely shared her journey of self-discovery and transition with her friends and family. 
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transsexual
transsexual
[adjectiv]

describing or relating to a transgender person, especially one whose bodily traits have been modified through a surgical operation or hormone therapy to align them with their gender identity

transsexual, transgender

transsexual, transgender

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gender-fluid
gender-fluid
[adjectiv]

relating to someone whose gender identity is unstable and can change over time

gender-fluid, de gen fluid

gender-fluid, de gen fluid

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peer
peer
[substantiv]

a person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual

perete, egal

perete, egal

Ex: In high school, he struggled to find peers who shared his passion for classical literature. 
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LGBTQ
LGBTQ
[adjectiv]

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning

LGBTQ, lesbiană

LGBTQ, lesbiană

Ex: The LGBTQ community advocates for the rights and acceptance of individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning. 
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intersex
intersex
[substantiv]

the state of having the sex organs or other sexual features of both genders

intersex, hermafroditism

intersex, hermafroditism

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pansexual
pansexual
[adjectiv]

related to a person who is sexually and emotionally attracted to people regardless of their gender or sex

pansexual, pansexuală

pansexual, pansexuală

Ex: The pansexual person is attracted to individuals based on personal connection rather than gender. 
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