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Pokročilá Slovní Zásoba pro TOEFL - Society

Zde se dozvíte některá anglická slovíčka o společnosti, jako je „nobility“, „civic“, „etnic“ atd., která jsou potřebná ke zkoušce TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
sociology
[Podstatné jméno]

the scientific study of human society, its nature, structure, and development, as well as social behavior

sociologie, sociální věda

sociologie, sociální věda

Ex: The study sociology can help one understand why some social issues persist over time .
anthropology
[Podstatné jméno]

the study of the origins and developments of the human race and its societies and cultures

antropologie, etnologické studium

antropologie, etnologické studium

Ex: anthropology explores human evolution , genetics , and physical adaptations through the study of fossils , primates , and modern human populations .
stratum
[Podstatné jméno]

a group of people with similar social standing, education, or income

stratum, sociální vrstva

stratum, sociální vrstva

Ex: The political party gained support from the stratum.
upper class
[Podstatné jméno]

a social group made up of people who hold the highest social position and are usually quite wealthy

horní třída, vyšší třída

horní třída, vyšší třída

middle class
[Podstatné jméno]

the social class between the upper and lower classes that includes professional and business people

střední třída, střední vrstvy

střední třída, střední vrstvy

lower class
[Podstatné jméno]

the social class consisting of people with the lowest position in society and the least money

nižší třída, sociální spodina

nižší třída, sociální spodina

old money
[Podstatné jméno]

wealth that has been inherited and not earned

staré peníze, dědictví bohatství

staré peníze, dědictví bohatství

nobility
[Podstatné jméno]

the class of people with the highest social or political ranks and titles

šlechta, nobilita

šlechta, nobilita

Ex: The opulent ball was attended by nobility, showcasing their wealth and status .
bourgeoisie
[Podstatné jméno]

the society's middle class

bourgeoisie, buržoazie

bourgeoisie, buržoazie

Ex: The revolutionaries aimed to overthrow bourgeoisie and establish a more equitable society .
caste
[Podstatné jméno]

a form of social classification in Hinduism, characterized by social status and relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution

kastovní systém, kast

kastovní systém, kast

supremacist
[Podstatné jméno]

someone who believes that a particular group of people, especially one determined by sex, religion, or race, is better than other groups and should dominate them

supremacista, nadřazenec

supremacista, nadřazenec

Ex: supremacist's rhetoric fueled division and conflict in the community .
overlord
[Podstatné jméno]

someone who is in a position of power, especially in the past

pán, vládce

pán, vládce

Ex: During the empire , the emperor was considered the overlord.
subordinate
[Podstatné jméno]

someone with an inferior position than another person within an organization

podřízený, podřízená

podřízený, podřízená

multiculturalism
[Podstatné jméno]

the belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected

multikulturalismus, multikulturnost

multikulturalismus, multikulturnost

Ex: Multiculturalism is an ongoing process that requires active engagement and dialogue among individuals and communities to build a more inclusive and harmonious society .
civic
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to the activities or duties of individuals concerning their town, city, or local area

občanský, městský

občanský, městský

Ex: Civic duty calls upon individuals to contribute positively to society by respecting laws, promoting tolerance, and supporting the common good.
demographic
[Podstatné jméno]

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

demografie, demografická skupina

demografie, demografická skupina

Ex: Companies often tailor their products to appeal to a demographic.
social contract
[Podstatné jméno]

an implicit agreement among citizens about collaboration in a way that benefits everyone in the society

sociální smlouva, smlouva o spolupráci

sociální smlouva, smlouva o spolupráci

collective
[Přídavné jméno]

involving, done, or shared by all members of a group

kolektivní, sdílený

kolektivní, sdílený

Ex: The board issued collective statement in support of the new policy changes .
microaggression
[Podstatné jméno]

any remark, comment, act, or statement that consciously or unconsciously expresses prejudice or discrimination against a group or member of society

mikroagrese, mikroagresivní projev

mikroagrese, mikroagresivní projev

ethnic
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to a group of people with shared culture, tradition, history, language, etc.

etnický, národnostní

etnický, národnostní

Ex: Ethnic music and dance performances entertain audiences with their rhythmic beats and expressive movements.
Caucasian
[Přídavné jméno]

referring to people with light or white skin, typically of European origin

evropský, bělošský

evropský, bělošský

Ex: Caucasian artist 's work often explores themes related to European culture and heritage .
gender binary
[Podstatné jméno]

a method of gender classification that categorizes all people into either male or female

genderová binární klasifikace, binární genderový systém

genderová binární klasifikace, binární genderový systém

masculinity
[Podstatné jméno]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for men

maskulinitní, mužnost

maskulinitní, mužnost

femininity
[Podstatné jméno]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for women

ženskost, femininita

ženskost, femininita

gender identity
[Podstatné jméno]

a person's perception of their own gender, which may differ from the gender they were identified with at birth

genderová identita, identita pohlaví

genderová identita, identita pohlaví

homosexual
[Přídavné jméno]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same gender

homosexuální, gay

homosexuální, gay

Ex: David stands in solidarity with homosexual community , advocating for their right to live authentically and without fear of discrimination .
heterosexual
[Přídavné jméno]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the opposite gender

heterosexuální, hetero

heterosexuální, hetero

Ex: heterosexual relationship was widely recognized in their community .
bisexual
[Přídavné jméno]

(of a person) having a sexual attraction to people of both their own gender and other genders

bisexuální, bisexuální osoba

bisexuální, bisexuální osoba

Ex: Jack learns about bisexuality through conversations with bisexual sibling , deepening his understanding of diverse sexual orientations .
non-binary
[Přídavné jméno]

related to someone whose gender identity does not fit in the traditional binary categories of male or female

nebinární, non-binární

nebinární, non-binární

Ex: David appreciated the honesty and authenticity of non-binary community , which challenged societal norms and promoted acceptance of diverse gender identities .
asexual
[Přídavné jméno]

(of a person) having no sexual interests or not experiencing any sexual attraction

asexuální, bez sexuálních zájmů

asexuální, bez sexuálních zájmů

Ex: David stands in solidarity with asexual community , advocating for greater awareness and acceptance of their identities and experiences .
cisgender
[Přídavné jméno]

related to or describing a person whose sense of gender matches their biological sex

cisgenderový, cisgender

cisgenderový, cisgender

transvestite
[Podstatné jméno]

someone who enjoys wearing clothes that are usually worn by the opposite sex

transvestita, cross-dresser

transvestita, cross-dresser

transgender
[Přídavné jméno]

describing or relating to someone whose gender identity does not correspond with their birth sex

transgenderový, transgenderní

transgenderový, transgenderní

Ex: Mary respected her transgender neighbor's chosen name and pronouns, creating a welcoming and inclusive environment in their community.
transsexual
[Přídavné jméno]

describing or relating to a transgender person, especially one whose bodily traits have been modified through a surgical operation or hormone therapy to align them with their gender identity

transsexuální, transsexuální osoba

transsexuální, transsexuální osoba

gender-fluid
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to someone whose gender identity is unstable and can change over time

genderově fluidní, nebinární

genderově fluidní, nebinární

peer
[Podstatné jméno]

a person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual

 vrstevník ,  kolega

vrstevník , kolega

Ex: Despite being new to the company , she quickly established herself as peer to her colleagues through hard work and expertise .
LGBTQ
[Přídavné jméno]

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning

LGBTQ, LGBTQ+

LGBTQ, LGBTQ+

Ex: Education about LGBTQ issues in schools fosters a more inclusive environment and helps combat bullying and prejudice.
intersex
[Podstatné jméno]

the state of having the sex organs or other sexual features of both genders

intersex, intersexuální osoba

intersex, intersexuální osoba

pansexual
[Přídavné jméno]

related to a person who is sexually and emotionally attracted to people regardless of their gender or sex

pansexuální, panské

pansexuální, panské

Ex: Despite facing stigma and misunderstanding , pansexual individual embraces their identity with pride and confidence , finding fulfillment in their ability to love people of all genders .
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