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Pokročilá Slovní Zásoba pro TOEFL - Society

Zde se naučíte některá anglická slova o společnosti, jako je "šlechta", "občanský", "etnický" atd., která jsou potřebná pro zkoušku TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
sociology
sociology
[Podstatné jméno]

the scientific study of human society, its nature, structure, and development, as well as social behavior

sociologie, vědecké studium lidské společnosti

sociologie, vědecké studium lidské společnosti

Ex: She decided to study sociology because she was interested in how culture influences people's behaviors. 
anthropology
anthropology
[Podstatné jméno]

the study of the origins and developments of the human race and its societies and cultures

antropologie

antropologie

Ex: Sarah decided to major in anthropology to study the diverse cultures and societies around the world. 
stratum
stratum
[Podstatné jméno]

a group of people with similar social standing, education, or income

vrstva, stratum

vrstva, stratum

Ex: The study focused on the middle-income stratum of society. 
upper class
upper class
[Podstatné jméno]

a social group made up of people who hold the highest social position and are usually quite wealthy

vyšší třída, vyšší společnost

vyšší třída, vyšší společnost

Ex: The upper class often owns large estates and businesses. 
middle class
middle class
[Podstatné jméno]

the social class between the upper and lower classes that includes professional and business people

střední třída, buržoazie

střední třída, buržoazie

Ex: Many middle-class families own their homes. 
lower class
lower class
[Podstatné jméno]

the social class consisting of people with the lowest position in society and the least money

nižší třída, dolní třída

nižší třída, dolní třída

Ex: Many families in the lower class face financial difficulties. 
old money
old money
[Podstatné jméno]

wealth that has been inherited and not earned

staré peníze, zděděné peníze

staré peníze, zděděné peníze

nobility
nobility
[Podstatné jméno]

the class of people with the highest social or political ranks and titles

šlechta, aristokracie

šlechta, aristokracie

Ex: The king granted lands and titles to the nobility in recognition of their loyalty. 
bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
[Podstatné jméno]

the society's middle class

buržoazie

buržoazie

Ex: The bourgeoisie in the 19th century played a significant role in shaping economic and social structures. 
caste
caste
[Podstatné jméno]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

kasta, kastovní systém

kasta, kastovní systém

Ex: The caste system in India historically divided society into hierarchical groups based on birth, occupation, and social status. 
supremacist
supremacist
[Podstatné jméno]

someone who believes that a particular group of people, especially one determined by sex, religion, or race, is better than other groups and should dominate them

supremacista, nadřazenec

supremacista, nadřazenec

Ex: Authorities arrested a supremacist who was spreading hate speech online. 
overlord
overlord
[Podstatné jméno]

someone who is in a position of power, especially in the past

vrchní pán, vládce

vrchní pán, vládce

Ex: The medieval lord acted as an overlord over the neighboring villages. 
subordinate
subordinate
[Podstatné jméno]

an employee who is under the authority or control of another person

podřízený, zaměstnanec

podřízený, zaměstnanec

Ex: The manager delegated tasks to his subordinates. 
multiculturalism
multiculturalism
[Podstatné jméno]

the belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected

multikulturalismus

multikulturalismus

Ex: Multiculturalism celebrates the richness of cultural diversity and recognizes the contributions of different ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups to society. 
civic
civic
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to the activities or duties of individuals concerning their town, city, or local area

občanský, městský

občanský, městský

Ex: Civic engagement involves actively participating in community activities or political affairs to promote social justice and change. 
demographic
demographic
[Podstatné jméno]

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

demografický, demografické charakteristiky

demografický, demografické charakteristiky

Ex: The new marketing strategy aims to target a younger demographic. 
social contract
social contract
[Podstatné jméno]

an implicit agreement among citizens about collaboration in a way that benefits everyone in the society

společenská smlouva, sociální smlouva

společenská smlouva, sociální smlouva

collective
collective
[Přídavné jméno]

involving, done, or shared by all members of a group

kolektivní, společný

kolektivní, společný

Ex: The collective efforts of the volunteers resulted in a successful charity event. 
microaggression
microaggression
[Podstatné jméno]

any remark, comment, act, or statement that consciously or unconsciously expresses prejudice or discrimination against a group or member of society

mikroagrese, mikro-agrese

mikroagrese, mikro-agrese

ethnic
ethnic
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to a group of people with shared culture, tradition, history, language, etc.

etnický

etnický

Ex: The neighborhood celebrates its diverse ethnic heritage with cultural festivals and events. 
Caucasian
Caucasian
[Přídavné jméno]

referring to people with light or white skin, typically of European origin

kavkazský,  bílý

kavkazský, bílý

Ex: The study included participants of various Caucasian backgrounds to ensure diversity. 
gender binary
gender binary
[Podstatné jméno]

a method of gender classification that categorizes all people into either male or female

genderová binární, binární systém genderu

genderová binární, binární systém genderu

masculinity
masculinity
[Podstatné jméno]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for men

mužnost

mužnost

femininity
femininity
[Podstatné jméno]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for women

ženskost, ženské vlastnosti

ženskost, ženské vlastnosti

gender identity
gender identity
[Podstatné jméno]

a person's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender

genderová identita, sexuální identita

genderová identita, sexuální identita

Ex: She is confident in her gender identity. 
homosexual
homosexual
[Přídavné jméno]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same gender

homosexuální

homosexuální

Ex: The homosexual couple held hands as they walked through the park, openly expressing their love for each other. 
heterosexual
heterosexual
[Přídavné jméno]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the opposite gender

heterosexuální, hetero

heterosexuální, hetero

Ex: She identified as heterosexual and was attracted to men. 
bisexual
bisexual
[Přídavné jméno]

(of a person) having a sexual attraction to people of both their own gender and other genders

bisexuální

bisexuální

Ex: Sarah's friend proudly identifies as bisexual, finding beauty in a diverse range of genders. 
non-binary
non-binary
[Přídavné jméno]

related to someone whose gender identity does not fit in the traditional binary categories of male or female

nebinární

nebinární

Ex: The non-binary person prefers to use they/them pronouns and does not conform to traditional gender norms. 
asexual
asexual
[Přídavné jméno]

(of a person) having no sexual interests or not experiencing any sexual attraction

asexuální

asexuální

Ex: The asexual person values emotional connections and platonic relationships over romantic or sexual ones. 
cisgender
cisgender
[Přídavné jméno]

related to or describing a person whose sense of gender matches their biological sex

cisgender, cisrodový

cisgender, cisrodový

Ex: She is cisgender, identifying as the female she was assigned at birth. 
transvestite
transvestite
[Podstatné jméno]

someone who enjoys wearing clothes that are usually worn by the opposite sex

transvestita, transvestit

transvestita, transvestit

transgender
transgender
[Přídavné jméno]

describing or relating to someone whose gender identity does not correspond with their birth sex

transgender, transsexuální

transgender, transsexuální

Ex: The transgender woman bravely shared her journey of self-discovery and transition with her friends and family. 
transsexual
transsexual
[Přídavné jméno]

describing or relating to a transgender person, especially one whose bodily traits have been modified through a surgical operation or hormone therapy to align them with their gender identity

transsexuální, transgenderový

transsexuální, transgenderový

gender-fluid
gender-fluid
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to someone whose gender identity is unstable and can change over time

gender-fluid, pohlavně pružný

gender-fluid, pohlavně pružný

peer
peer
[Podstatné jméno]

a person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual

vrstevník, rovnocenný

vrstevník, rovnocenný

Ex: In high school, he struggled to find peers who shared his passion for classical literature. 
LGBTQ
LGBTQ
[Přídavné jméno]

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning

LGBTQ, lesbická

LGBTQ, lesbická

Ex: The LGBTQ community advocates for the rights and acceptance of individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning. 
intersex
intersex
[Podstatné jméno]

the state of having the sex organs or other sexual features of both genders

intersex, hermafroditismus

intersex, hermafroditismus

pansexual
pansexual
[Přídavné jméno]

related to a person who is sexually and emotionally attracted to people regardless of their gender or sex

pansexuální, pansexuální

pansexuální, pansexuální

Ex: The pansexual person is attracted to individuals based on personal connection rather than gender. 
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